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Related Concept Videos

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

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Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
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Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is pathologically identified by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau protein. AD pharmacotherapy aims to manage cognitive symptoms, delay disease progression, and treat behavioral symptoms. The treatment is primarily symptomatic and palliative, with no definitive disease-modifying therapy available. Cholinesterase inhibitors, including donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon), and galantamine (Razadyne), are...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Two-photon Imaging of Cellular Dynamics in the Mouse Spinal Cord
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Future treatment approaches to multiple sclerosis.

Joy Derwenskus1, Fred D Lublin2

  • 1Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|February 11, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The development of multiple sclerosis (MS) treatments has advanced significantly since 1993, with new therapies showing promise for greater efficacy and improved patient outcomes in managing this chronic neurological disease.

Keywords:
alemtuzumabdaclizumabemerging therapiesestriollaquinimodocrelizumabstatinsstem cell transplantationvitamin D

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • The modern treatment era for multiple sclerosis (MS) began in 1993 with the first disease-modifying agent.
  • Currently, 10 therapies are approved for MS, effectively reducing relapses and slowing disability progression.
  • Despite existing treatments, some patients experience continued disease activity and disability due to partial effectiveness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution of multiple sclerosis (MS) treatments.
  • To discuss emerging therapies and their novel mechanisms of action.
  • To explore future directions in MS management, including combination therapies and neuroprotection.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature and clinical trial data.
  • Discussion of approved and emerging MS therapies.
  • Exploration of novel therapeutic targets and strategies.

Main Results:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) treatment landscape has expanded significantly since 1993.
  • Approved therapies reduce relapses and MRI activity but have limitations in effectiveness for some patients.
  • Emerging therapies offer novel mechanisms and potential for greater efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • The future of multiple sclerosis (MS) treatment is promising with the exploration of new molecules and targets.
  • Emerging therapies like alemtuzumab, rituximab, and stem cell transplantation show potential for enhanced efficacy.
  • Further research into combination therapies, neuroprotection, and repair is crucial for advancing MS care.