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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation
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Odor processing by adult-born neurons.

Yoav Livneh1, Yoav Adam1, Adi Mizrahi1

  • 1Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Life Sciences and The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel.

Neuron
|February 11, 2014
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New neurons in the adult olfactory bulb (OB) integrate and adapt their odor responses based on experience. This provides a mechanism for long-term circuit plasticity and odor processing.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Olfactory System Research
  • Adult Neurogenesis

Background:

  • Adult mammalian brains generate new neurons in the olfactory bulb (OB) and hippocampus.
  • These adult-born neurons are hypothesized to be crucial for neural circuit coding and plasticity.
  • Direct evidence for their functional role in neural processing remains limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the functional integration and response properties of adult-born periglomerular neurons in the mouse OB.
  • To determine if sensory experience influences the maturation and selectivity of these neurons.
  • To provide direct evidence for the involvement of adult-born neurons in OB circuit function.

Main Methods:

  • In vivo electrophysiological recordings using two-photon-targeted patch clamp.
  • Recording of spiking activity in adult-born periglomerular neurons in the mouse OB.
  • Comparison of neuronal responses in different developmental stages and sensory enrichment conditions.

Main Results:

  • Odor responsiveness in adult-born neurons peaks during development and declines in maturity.
  • Sensory enrichment during development enhances the selectivity of mature adult-born neurons.
  • Resident neurons' selectivity was not affected by sensory enrichment, indicating a specific effect on new neurons.

Conclusions:

  • Adult-born neurons in the OB functionally integrate into the neural circuit.
  • These neurons acquire experience-dependent response profiles, contributing to circuit plasticity.
  • The continuous influx of new neurons offers a mechanism for long-term adaptation in odor processing based on past environmental demands.