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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity01:21

Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity

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The human immune system is a complex defense mechanism that protects the body from harmful pathogens and foreign substances. It comprises two crucial components: innate and adaptive immunity.
Innate immunity is the body's natural, nonspecific defense system that acts quickly to protect against pathogens. It incorporates physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes and cellular elements such as phagocytes and natural killer cells. This part of our immune system provides an immediate,...
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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
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Combined Genetic and Chemical Capsid Modifications of Adenovirus-Based Gene Transfer Vectors for Shielding and Targeting
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Innate immunity to adenovirus.

Rodinde Hendrickx1, Nicole Stichling, Jorien Koelen

  • 11 Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich , CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland .

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|February 12, 2014
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Summary

Human adenoviruses are key gene therapy vectors, but host innate immunity restricts their use. Understanding how the body defends against adenoviruses is crucial for developing safer, more effective gene medicine strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Gene Therapy

Background:

  • Human adenoviruses are extensively utilized as vectors in gene medicine for applications like oncolytic therapies and vaccinations.
  • Despite their utility, adenovirus vectors can cause side effects, and natural adenoviruses pose significant risks to immunocompromised individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which the host innate defense system recognizes and responds to adenoviruses during cellular entry and replication.
  • To identify key host factors and viral evasion strategies involved in the innate immune response against adenoviruses.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of existing literature on adenovirus-host interactions and innate immunity.
  • Analysis of intrinsic and induced host defense factors targeting adenoviruses.
  • Examination of viral proteins and noncoding RNAs involved in counteracting innate defenses.

Main Results:

  • Innate immunity employs both constitutive (intrinsic) and inducible factors to restrict adenovirus infection.
  • Key antiviral factors include soluble components, pattern recognition receptors (Toll-like receptors, lectins), cytosolic sensors (TRIM, NLRs, cGAS, IFI44), and autophagy.
  • Adenoviruses counteract innate defenses using early proteins (E1A, E1B, E3, E4) and virus-associated RNAs (VA-I, VA-II).

Conclusions:

  • Innate immune responses represent a significant hurdle for the therapeutic application of adenovirus vectors.
  • Strategies to engineer adenovirus vectors with attenuated innate immunogenicity and improved delivery are essential for advancing gene medicine.