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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I

Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.

Carrier Transport

Carrier Transport

The generation of electrical current in semiconductors is fundamentally driven by two mechanisms: drift and diffusion. These processes are essential for the functionality and performance of semiconductor-based devices.
Drift Current:
The drift of charge carriers is started by an external electric field (E). Charged particles, such as electrons and holes, experience an acceleration between collisions with lattice atoms. For electrons, this results in a drift velocity (vd) given by:

Theory of Metallic Conduction

Theory of Metallic Conduction

The conduction of free electrons inside a conductor is best described by quantum mechanics. However, a classical model makes predictions close to the results of quantum mechanics. It is called the theory of metallic conduction.
In this theory, Newton's second law of motion is used to determine the acceleration of an electron in the presence of an applied electric field. Then, its velocity is expressed via this acceleration.
An electron moves through the crystal, containing positive ions,...

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
Conduction, accounting for approximately 3% of body heat loss at rest, is the process of exchanging heat between molecules of two materials in direct contact. This can result in both heat loss and gain. For instance, when the body is submerged in water, which conducts heat 20 times more effectively than air, it can either lose or gain significant...

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II

In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...

Mechanism of heat transfer

Mechanism of heat transfer

Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Characterization of Thermal Transport in One-dimensional Solid Materials

Characterization of Thermal Transport in One-dimensional Solid Materials

Published on: January 26, 2014

Characterization of Thermal Transport in One-dimensional Solid Materials.

Guoqing Liu¹, Huan Lin, Xiaoduan Tang

¹Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University.

Journal of Visualized Experiments : Jove

|February 12, 2014

Summary

The transient electro-thermal (TET) technique accurately measures thermal diffusivity in various solid materials. This method, demonstrated with human hair, accounts for parasitic losses for precise thermal conductivity calculations.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Thermal Physics
Biomaterials Analysis

Background:

Accurate measurement of thermal properties is crucial for material characterization.
Existing techniques often have limitations in material scope or accuracy.
The transient electro-thermal (TET) technique offers a versatile solution.

Purpose of the Study:

To present the transient electro-thermal (TET) technique for measuring thermal diffusivity.
To demonstrate its application on non-conductive biomaterials like human hair.
To detail the experimental setup, data processing, and correction for parasitic effects.

Main Methods:

Utilized the transient electro-thermal (TET) technique on gold-coated human hair samples.
Developed procedures for experimental data processing.
Implemented methods to subtract parasitic conduction and radiative losses.

Main Results:

Successfully applied the TET technique to measure thermal diffusivity of human hair.
Demonstrated effective subtraction of parasitic conduction and radiative losses.
Enabled accurate calculation of thermal conductivity using known specific heat values.

Conclusions:

The TET technique is a robust and accurate method for determining thermal diffusivity in diverse materials, including biomaterials.
The methodology allows for precise thermal conductivity determination by correcting for experimental artifacts.
This study provides a practical guide for implementing the TET technique on challenging samples.