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Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

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Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
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Glucose Absorption Into the Small Intestine01:26

Glucose Absorption Into the Small Intestine

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Complex carbohydrates consumed cannot be absorbed into the small intestine in their original form. First, they must be hydrolyzed to a monosaccharide form such as glucose or galactose. These monosaccharides are then transported across the intestinal membrane and into the blood via transcellular transport. The intestinal epithelial cells allow the movement of these monosaccharides with a defined 'entry' through membrane transporter proteins present on their apical membrane and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

NiO Nanoflowers for Non-Enzymatic Amperometric Detection of Glucose
11:04

NiO Nanoflowers for Non-Enzymatic Amperometric Detection of Glucose

Published on: December 30, 2025

273

Glucose sensor with a Sagnac interference optical system.

Tatsuya Kumagai, Yusaku Tottori, Ryusuke Miyata

    Applied Optics
    |February 12, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study presents a novel glucose sensor using a Sagnac interference system. The device accurately measures glucose concentration by detecting optical rotation, offering a new tool for blood sugar monitoring.

    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Biomedical Sensing

    Background:

    • Accurate glucose monitoring is crucial for diabetes management.
    • Existing methods for glucose detection face challenges with accuracy and stability.
    • Optical methods offer potential for non-invasive and precise glucose measurement.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and validate a novel polarimetric glucose sensor.
    • To assess the sensor's performance in terms of resolution and accuracy.
    • To explore the application of this sensor for blood glucose level measurement.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a Sagnac interference optical system with polarization-maintaining optical fiber.
    • Measured the angle of optical rotation by detecting phase differences in circularly polarized light.

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  • Correlated changes in phase difference with varying glucose concentrations.

    • Main Results:

    • Achieved a high resolution for optical rotation measurement (5×10⁻⁴ degrees).
    • Demonstrated a glucose concentration resolution of 1 mg/dl.
    • Validated the sensor's accuracy by comparing measured specific rotation of glucose to known physical property values.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed Sagnac-based polarimeter provides a stable and accurate method for glucose sensing.
    • The sensor's high resolution and accuracy make it suitable for practical blood sugar monitoring.
    • This technology holds promise for improving diabetes care through precise glucose level tracking.