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    Area of Science:

    • Laser Physics
    • Optoelectronics
    • Semiconductor Lasers

    Background:

    • Vertical external-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VECSELs) are crucial optoelectronic devices.
    • Achieving ultrashort pulse generation in VECSELs is an active research area.
    • Kerr-lens mode-locking (KLM) is a powerful technique for generating femtosecond pulses.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analytically investigate self-mode-locked operation in VECSELs.
    • To predict the feasibility of Kerr-lens mode-locking in VECSELs.
    • To experimentally validate the analytical predictions.

    Main Methods:

    • Analytical modeling of Kerr-lens action within a VECSEL cavity.
    • Simulation of mode-locking dynamics with soft- and hard-apertures.
    • Experimental implementation and characterization of a Kerr-lens mode-locked VECSEL.

    Main Results:

    • Analytical predictions for Kerr-lens mode-locked operation were developed.
    • Optimal intra-cavity positions for soft- and hard-apertures were identified.
    • Experimental verification demonstrated pulse durations below 500 fs at a 1 GHz repetition rate.

    Conclusions:

    • Self-mode-locking via Kerr-lens action is achievable in VECSELs.
    • The study provides a framework for designing mode-locked VECSELs.
    • Femtosecond pulse generation in VECSELs is demonstrated experimentally.