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    Nonlinear switching behavior differs between multicore and multimode waveguide couplers. Multimode couplers require higher power and offer lower switching quality due to distinct nonlinear effects.

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    Area of Science:

    • Nonlinear optics
    • Waveguide optics
    • Integrated photonics

    Background:

    • Waveguide couplers are fundamental components in integrated photonic circuits.
    • Understanding nonlinear switching behavior is crucial for device design and performance optimization.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the key differences in nonlinear switching dynamics between multicore and multimode waveguide couplers.
    • To identify the underlying physical mechanisms responsible for performance variations.

    Main Methods:

    • Simulated a gradual transition from multicore to multimode waveguide configurations by varying core separation.
    • Analyzed the contributions of linear coupling, self-phase modulation, cross-phase modulation, and four-wave mixing terms.
    • Quantified switching power requirements and switching quality metrics.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstrated distinct nonlinear switching characteristics for multicore versus multimode waveguide couplers.
    • Identified specific nonlinear terms (e.g., cross-phase modulation, four-wave mixing) that significantly impact multimode coupler performance.
    • Quantified the increased switching power and reduced quality in multimode scenarios.

    Conclusions:

    • Multimode nonlinear waveguide couplers exhibit inherently different switching behaviors compared to multicore counterparts.
    • The interplay of nonlinear effects, particularly cross-phase modulation and four-wave mixing, dictates the higher power demands and lower switching quality in multimode devices.
    • This study provides critical insights for designing advanced nonlinear waveguide couplers with improved performance.