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Related Concept Videos

Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

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Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

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Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Anatomical Movements00:51

Anatomical Movements

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Anatomical movements refer to the various actions or motions that can be performed by the body's joints and muscles. These movements are described using specific terms to provide a standardized way of discussing and understanding the range of motion at different joints.
Here are some common anatomical movements:
Flexion and extension motions are in the sagittal (anterior–posterior) plane of motion. These movements take place at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
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Comparative study of simple and complex open elbow dislocations.

Jorge G Boretto1, Mario Rodriguez Sammartino, Gerardo Gallucci

  • 1Department of the Hand and Upper Extremity, Instituto de Ortopedia y Traumatología "Dr. Prof. Carlos Ottolenghi", Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina, jboretto@hotmail.com.

Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
|February 12, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Open elbow dislocations, whether simple or complex, show similar outcomes in range of motion, function, and complications. Treatment results were comparable across both injury types in this study.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Traumatology
  • Reconstructive Surgery

Background:

  • Open elbow dislocations are rare and infrequently documented, with limited evidence primarily from case reports or studies on closed injuries.
  • This study addresses the gap by reviewing treatment experiences for open elbow dislocations across three major medical centers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare outcomes of operative treatment for simple versus complex open elbow dislocations.
  • Key outcome measures included range of motion (ROM), functional scoring, and complication rates.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective review of 18 patients (11 simple, 7 complex open elbow dislocations) treated operatively.
  • Patient evaluation involved goniometric measurement of ROM and the Broberg and Morrey functional index.
  • Follow-up averaged 25 months, assessing complications such as neurovascular injuries, heterotopic ossification, infection, and nonunion.

Main Results:

  • No statistically significant differences were observed between simple and complex dislocations regarding elbow/forearm ROM or functional scores (Broberg and Morrey index).
  • Complication rates were also similar between the two groups (p=0.63).
  • Neurovascular complications predominated in the simple group, while the complex group experienced bony-related issues like artery occlusion and heterotopic ossification.

Conclusions:

  • Operative treatment of simple and complex open elbow dislocations yields comparable ROM, functional results, and complication rates.
  • The nature of complications differs, with neurovascular issues more common in simple dislocations and bony union problems in complex ones.