Non-canonical progesterone signaling in granulosa cell function

It has been known for over 3 decades that progesterone (P4) suppresses follicle growth. It has been assumed that P4 acts directly on granulosa cells of developing follicles to slow their development, as P4 inhibits both mitosis and apoptosis of cultured granulosa cells. However, granulosa cells of developing follicles of mice, rats, monkeys, and humans do not express the A or B isoform of the classic nuclear receptor for P4 (PGR). By contrast, these granulosa cells express other P4 binding proteins, one of which is referred to as PGR membrane component 1 (PGRMC1). PGRMC1 specifically binds P4 with high affinity and mediates P4's anti-mitotic and anti-apoptotic action as evidenced by the lack of these P4-dependent effects in PGRMC1-depleted cells. In addition, mice in which PGRMC1 is conditionally depleted in granulosa cells show diminished follicle development. While the mechanism through which P4 activation of PGRMC1 affects granulosa cell function is not well defined, it appears that PGRMC1 controls granulosa cell function in part by regulating gene expression in T-cell-specific transcription factor/lymphoid enhancer factor-dependent manner. Clinically, altered PGRMC1 expression has been correlated with premature ovarian failure/insufficiency, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and infertility. These collective studies provide strong evidence that PGRMC1 functions as a receptor for P4 in granulosa cells and that altered expression results in compromised reproductive capacity. Ongoing studies seek to define the components of the signal transduction cascade through which P4 activation of PGRMC1 results in the regulation of granulosa cell function.