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Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity01:21

Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity

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The human immune system is a complex defense mechanism that protects the body from harmful pathogens and foreign substances. It comprises two crucial components: innate and adaptive immunity.
Innate immunity is the body's natural, nonspecific defense system that acts quickly to protect against pathogens. It incorporates physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes and cellular elements such as phagocytes and natural killer cells. This part of our immune system provides an immediate,...
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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
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The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
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Immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules or Ig-CAMs are a versatile group of cell surface glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin protein superfamily. Ig-CAMs possess the characteristic immunoglobulin protein domains and other domains such as the fibronectin type III domain. The Ig domains are glycosylated to varying degrees in different Ig-CAMs.
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Pig Kidney Xenotransplantation: Immune Insights From a Landmark Human Case.

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Updated: May 3, 2026

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood
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Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

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Innate allorecognition.

Martin H Oberbarnscheidt1, Fadi G Lakkis

  • 1Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine & University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine & University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.

Immunological Reviews
|February 13, 2014
PubMed
Summary

The innate immune system

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Transplantation Biology
  • Innate Immunity

Background:

  • Adaptive immunity recognizes transplanted organs (allografts), but innate immune initiation is unclear.
  • Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) mature via pathogen-associated molecules in anti-microbial immunity.
  • Allografts are presumed sterile, complicating understanding of APC activation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current hypotheses on innate immune initiation of alloimmunity.
  • To evaluate the role of danger signals and microbial products in graft rejection.
  • To present evidence for monocyte recognition of allogeneic non-self in triggering alloimmunity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing hypotheses and evidence.
  • Analysis of mechanisms initiating innate immune responses to allografts.
Keywords:
allorecognitiondendritic cellsinnate immune systemmonocytestransplantation

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  • Synthesis of data supporting monocyte recognition of allogeneic targets.

    • Main Results:

    • Existing hypotheses (danger signals, microbial products) inadequately explain allograft-induced APC activation.
    • Recognition of allogeneic non-self by monocytes is proposed as a key initiating event.
    • This recognition bypasses the need for sterile inflammatory signals.

    Conclusions:

    • Monocyte recognition of allogeneic non-self is a critical factor in initiating alloimmunity.
    • This mechanism provides a more comprehensive explanation for graft rejection.
    • Understanding this pathway can inform strategies to improve transplant outcomes.