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Thermal expansion and Thermal stress: Problem Solving01:27

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San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge is exposed to temperatures ranging from -15 °C to 40 °C. At its coldest, the main span of the bridge is 1275 m long. Assuming that the bridge is made entirely of steel, what is the change in its length between these temperatures?
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The expansion of alcohol in a thermometer is one of many commonly encountered examples of thermal expansion, which is the change in size or volume of a given system as its temperature changes. The most visible example is the expansion of hot air. When air is heated, it expands and becomes less dense than the surrounding air, which then exerts an upward force on the hot air to, for example, make steam and smoke rise, and hot air balloons float. The same behavior happens in all liquids and gases,...
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Updated: May 3, 2026

Experimental Methods for Investigation of Shape Memory Based Elastocaloric Cooling Processes and Model Validation
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Thermal expansion recovery microscopy: practical design considerations.

N Mingolo1, O E Martínez1

  • 1Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paseo Colon 850, 1063 Buenos Aires, Argentina.

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Summary

This study details thermal expansion recovery microscopy (ThERM), a technique measuring surface expansion and recovery for imaging. It introduces a new microscope design and methods to optimize beam size and cancel interfering signals for improved photothermal microscopy.

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Area of Science:

  • Microscopy
  • Optical techniques
  • Surface science

Background:

  • Photothermal microscopy offers unique insights into material properties.
  • A recently introduced technique, thermal expansion recovery microscopy (ThERM), measures surface deformation due to modulated heating.
  • Optimizing ThERM requires understanding its operational parameters and potential signal interferences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a detailed study of design and operational parameters for ThERM.
  • To introduce a new optical design for ThERM adaptable to commercial microscopes.
  • To provide methods for beam size determination and signal verification, and a strategy for signal cancellation.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a new two-lens optical design for ThERM.
  • Analysis of sensitivity to misalignment in the new optical design.
  • Utilizing focus scans to determine beam size and assess thermoreflectance signal overlap.
  • Investigating nanometric coatings for canceling unwanted thermoreflectance signals.

Main Results:

  • A novel two-lens design adaptable to infinite conjugate microscopes is presented.
  • Sensitivity to misalignment for the new design is analyzed.
  • Methods for beam size determination and verification of the ThERM mechanism are established.
  • A method for canceling thermoreflectance signals using nanometric coatings is proposed.

Conclusions:

  • The presented design and methods enhance the applicability and reliability of ThERM.
  • Optimized ThERM allows for precise measurement of surface expansion and recovery.
  • Signal interference can be managed, improving the specificity of ThERM measurements.