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Related Concept Videos

GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity01:09

GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity

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Some GPCRs transmit signals through adenylyl cyclase (AC), a transmembrane enzyme. AC helps synthesize second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). AC catalyzes cyclization reaction and converts ATP to cAMP by releasing a pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate is further hydrolyzed to phosphate by the enzyme pyrophosphatase, which drives cAMP synthesis to completion. However, cAMP is rapidly degraded to 5′ AMP by the enzymes phosphodiesterase (PDE), preventing overstimulation of...
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Regulation of the Digestive System01:25

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Digestive activity regulation hinges on three primary components. Activation is prompted by a multitude of mechanical and chemical indicators, primarily detected by receptors within the stomach and intestines' walls. These receptors predominantly respond to factors such as mechanical stretching of the organ walls, changes in pH and osmolarity, and the presence of digesting materials and their by-products.
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Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors01:27

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Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors acting as an enzyme or associating with an enzyme intracellularly. They make excellent drug targets. Drugs can bind to the extracellular ligand-binding domain or directly affect their enzymatic domain and alter their activity.
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Adrenergic Receptors: ɑ Subtype01:31

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Adrenoceptors are classified into α and ꞵ classes based on their potencies to catecholamine agonists. α-adrenoceptors show the following order of catecholamine potency:
Adrenaline ≥ Noradrenaline >> Isoprenaline
α-adrenoceptors are further divided into α1 and α2-adrenoceptors.
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Adrenergic Receptors: β Subtype01:26

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β-adrenoceptors have varied sensitivities towards adrenaline, noradrenaline, and isoprenaline. The order of agonist potency is as follows:
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Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) is an essential second messenger that activates protein kinase A (PKA) and regulates various biological processes. A single epinephrine molecule binds to GPCR and activates several heterotrimeric G proteins, each stimulating multiple adenylyl cyclase, amplifying the signal, and synthesizing large numbers of cAMP molecules. Small changes in cAMP concentration affect PKA activity. The binding of four cAMP molecules induces a conformational change in PKA,...
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RETRACTED: Mancinelli et al. The Effects of Taurocholic Acid on Biliary Damage and Liver Fibrosis Are Mediated by Calcitonin-Gene-Related Peptide Signaling. <i>Cells</i> 2022, <i>11</i>, 1591.

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Acute kidney injury markers in pediatric pancreatitis: Differentiating disease states and assessing severity.

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Related Experiment Video

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Drug-induced Sensitization of Adenylyl Cyclase: Assay Streamlining and Miniaturization for Small Molecule and siRNA Screening Applications
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Adenylyl cyclases in the digestive system.

Maria Eugenia Sabbatini1, Fred Gorelick2, Shannon Glaser3

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Georgia Regents University, United States.

Cellular Signalling
|February 14, 2014
PubMed
Summary

This review covers adenylyl cyclases (ACs), enzymes with diverse roles. It details the structure, regulation, and digestive system functions of nine transmembrane ACs and one soluble AC.

Keywords:
Adenylyl cyclaseExocrine pancreasIntestineLiverSalivary glandStomach

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Area of Science:

  • Enzymology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Adenylyl cyclases (ACs) are crucial enzymes involved in cellular signaling.
  • Nine transmembrane AC isoforms and one soluble AC isoform are known.
  • ACs play diverse roles, particularly within the digestive system.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the fundamental structure of adenylyl cyclases.
  • To discuss the regulation mechanisms of ACs, including Ca(2+) and other signals.
  • To elucidate the physiological roles of ACs in the digestive system.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of adenylyl cyclase research.
  • Analysis of enzyme structure and function.
  • Examination of expression patterns and regulatory pathways.

Main Results:

  • Detailed overview of nine Gαs-activated transmembrane AC isoforms.
  • Description of a distinct soluble AC isoform with unique regulation.
  • Highlighting differential regulation by Ca(2+) and intracellular signals.

Conclusions:

  • Adenylyl cyclases exhibit complex expression and regulation within the digestive system.
  • Understanding ACs is key to comprehending digestive physiology.
  • Further research into AC isoforms can reveal novel therapeutic targets.