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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Anterior Capsular Reconstruction with Human Dermal Allograft for Irreparable Subscapularis Tears
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Acromioclavicular joint reconstruction by coracoid process transfer augmented with hook plate.

Yeming Wang1, Jianguo Zhang1

  • 1Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China.

Injury
|February 14, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Surgical coracoid process transfer with hook plate fixation shows promising outcomes for chronic acromioclavicular (AC) joint separation. This technique improved patient function and reduced pain for type III and V AC injuries.

Keywords:
Acromioclavicular dislocationDewar procedureHook plate

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic surgery
  • Sports medicine
  • Traumatology

Background:

  • Chronic acromioclavicular (AC) joint separation requires effective treatment options.
  • Surgical reconstruction of the coracoclavicular ligament is a common approach.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of coracoid process transfer augmented with hook plate fixation for chronic AC joint separation.
  • To assess functional outcomes and pain reduction in patients with AC joint injuries.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 21 patients with chronic type III and V AC injuries treated between 2003-2009.
  • Coracoid process transfer with hook plate fixation was performed.
  • Clinical and radiographic follow-up averaged 33.0 months, including Constant score and VAS for pain.

Main Results:

  • Mean Constant score improved from 70.9 to 90.7; mean VAS score decreased from 4.7 to 1.2.
  • Patients returned to work/sport at an average of 3.7 months postoperatively.
  • 10 excellent, 10 good, and 1 fair result reported with no loss of reduction.

Conclusions:

  • Coracoid process transfer augmented with hook plate fixation is a promising surgical option for chronic type III and V AC injuries.
  • The technique leads to significant improvements in functional outcomes and pain relief.