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Cognitive therapy is a psychological approach designed to address distortions in thinking, which can lead to negative emotions and unrealistic beliefs. These cognitive distortions often influence how individuals interpret and respond to situations, exacerbating emotional distress. Below are some prevalent cognitive distortions, their characteristics, and examples of how they manifest in thought processes.
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Recognizing and managing errors of cognitive underspecification.

Elizabeth A Duthie1

  • 1From the New York University, College of Nursing, New York, New York.

Journal of Patient Safety
|February 14, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Cognitive underspecification, or incomplete communication, causes patient harm by creating knowledge gaps. Addressing this requires recognizing the error and redesigning systems to improve communication and prevent errors.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive psychology
  • Human factors engineering
  • Healthcare systems analysis

Background:

  • Cognitive underspecification, defined as incomplete communication, leads to knowledge gaps and errors.
  • Lack of shared mental models during communication contributes to patient harm.
  • Limited research exists on cognitive underspecification in healthcare settings.

Observation:

  • Case analyses apply James Reason's human error theory and Sidney Dekker's incident investigation theory.
  • Errors stem from incomplete communication, information mismatches, and a lack of shared mental models.
  • Contributory factors include workload, interruptions, and practitioner inexperience.

Findings:

  • Detecting cognitive underspecification requires blame-free listening and prompt incident investigation.
  • Interception strategies involve interactive communication, standardized processes, and technological support for information access.
  • System redesign is crucial for managing latent factors contributing to these errors.

Implications:

  • Cognitive underspecification is a common communication issue with significant patient safety implications.
  • Accurate identification is essential for effective system redesign and harm reduction.
  • Improving communication processes can mitigate patient harm.