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Related Concept Videos

Varicose Veins II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:26

Varicose Veins II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

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Varicose veins, or varicosities, develop when the valves in the veins, which control blood flow, weaken or damage. It causes blood to pool and the veins to enlarge. Understanding the clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and management options for varicose veins is crucial for effective treatment and relief.Clinical manifestationsClinical manifestations of varicose veins include a heavy, achy feeling or pain after prolonged standing or sitting. This discomfort can often be relieved by...
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Venous Thrombosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:20

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The key difference between Superficial Vein Thrombosis (SVT) and Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) lies in their location and severity.Clinical ManifestationsSVT typically presents with localized pain, tenderness, and redness along the course of a superficial vein, often accompanied by a palpable, cord-like structure under the skin. This condition is usually less dangerous than DVT but can be uncomfortable and may lead to complications such as cellulitis or, rarely, a clot extension into the deep...
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Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography01:22

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IntroductionIntravenous Urography (IVU) and Retrograde Pyelography (RP) are important diagnostic imaging techniques used to evaluate the urinary system. These methods help identify structural abnormalities, obstructions, and functional issues in the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Both procedures use iodine-based contrast media to enhance the visibility of urinary tract structures on X-ray images, though they differ in their methods and indications.1. Intravenous Urography (IVU)Intravenous...
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Venous Thrombosis III: Interprofessional Care01:29

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Venous thrombosis requires effective prevention and treatment strategies to improve patient outcomes and reduce potential complications.Prevention StrategiesHealthcare providers must prioritize preventing venous thromboembolism (VTE) for all adult patients upon admission. Interventions depend on bleeding and thrombosis risk, medical history, current medications, diagnoses, planned procedures, and patient preferences. Patients on bed rest should change positions every two hours and, if not...
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Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management01:28

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Esophageal varices often manifest as gastrointestinal bleeding episodes, presenting symptoms like hematemesis (vomiting of blood), hematochezia (passing fresh blood via the rectum), and melena (black, tarry stools). Other signs can include weight loss, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, jaundice, pruritus, altered mental status, and muscle cramps.
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Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography01:22

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Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Combination of High Ligation and Intraoperative Embolization using Polidocanol for Treatment of Varicoceles
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Imaging and interventional therapy for varicoceles.

No Kwak1, David Siegel

  • 1Department of Radiology, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA, nbkwak@gmail.com.

Current Urology Reports
|February 14, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Varicocele, a cause of male infertility, is diagnosed using scrotal ultrasonography. Interventional therapy offers an effective treatment, improving seminal parameters and pregnancy rates after repair.

Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Radiology
  • Reproductive Medicine

Background:

  • Varicocele is a frequent, treatable cause of male infertility, testicular pain, and Leydig cell dysfunction.
  • Scrotal ultrasonography is the preferred imaging modality for varicocele diagnosis and post-treatment monitoring.
  • The exact pathophysiology linking varicocele to testicular dysfunction is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diagnostic sonographic criteria for varicocele.
  • To discuss interventional techniques for varicocele treatment.
  • To highlight the role of ultrasonography in pre- and post-procedural evaluation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on varicocele diagnosis and treatment.
  • Emphasis on sonographic findings, including dilated veins and reflux.

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  • Discussion of interventional therapy as a minimally invasive option.

    • Main Results:

    • Ultrasonography accurately diagnoses varicocele by visualizing dilated veins and reflux.
    • Varicocele repair, particularly via interventional therapy, shows significant improvements in seminal parameters.
    • Successful repair is associated with increased pregnancy rates.

    Conclusions:

    • Scrotal ultrasonography is crucial for accurate varicocele diagnosis and management.
    • Interventional therapy is an effective, minimally invasive treatment for varicocele.
    • Varicocele repair positively impacts male fertility and seminal quality.