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Related Concept Videos

Phase Diagrams of Ternary Systems01:28

Phase Diagrams of Ternary Systems

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Consider a ternary system, which is composed of three components: water (W), ethanoic acid (E), and trichloromethane (T). Here, Ethanoic acid (E) is fully miscible with both water (W) and trichloromethane (T), meaning it can mix entirely with either of them. However, water and trichloromethane have partial miscibility, meaning they can only mix to a certain extent, beyond which two separate phases will form.The phase diagram of a ternary system is represented as an equilateral triangle, where...
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Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Phase Diagram01:19

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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Phase Diagram01:24

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A phase diagram is a graphical representation of the physical states of a substance under different conditions of temperature and pressure. It shows the boundaries between solid, liquid, and gas phases and the conditions at which these phases coexist in equilibrium. An area in a phase diagram represents a single phase, whereas lines or phase boundaries represent the equilibrium between two phases.In the phase diagram of water, the boundary line between the solid and liquid states illustrates...
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Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview01:16

Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview

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Sigmatropic rearrangements are a class of pericyclic reactions in which a σ bond migrates from one part of a π system to another. These are intramolecular rearrangements where the total number of σ and π bonds remain unchanged.
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Heating and Cooling Curves02:44

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When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance is observed; this is graphically represented by heating and cooling curves.
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Thermal Scanning Conductometry TSC as a General Method for Studying and Controlling the Phase Behavior of Conductive Physical Gels
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Coformer screening using thermal analysis based on binary phase diagrams.

Hiroyuki Yamashita1, Yutaka Hirakura, Masamichi Yuda

  • 1Analysis and Pharmacokinetics Research Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 350-8585, Japan, hiroyuki.yamashita@astellas.com.

Pharmaceutical Research
|February 14, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thermal analysis offers a high-throughput screening system for identifying coformers for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), complementing traditional slurry methods. This approach is particularly effective for low-solubility APIs, enhancing drug development efficiency.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Science
  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Cocrystals and salt forms are crucial for improving drug development.
  • Efficient coformer screening is essential for identifying optimal crystalline forms.
  • Existing methods require optimization for diverse active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate a coformer screening system for salts and cocrystals using thermal analysis based on binary phase diagrams.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of thermal analysis compared to conventional methods.
  • To assess the applicability of thermal analysis in drug discovery.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized indomethacin and tenoxicam as model APIs.
  • Analyzed physical mixtures of APIs and 42 coformers using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray DSC.
  • Compared thermal analysis screening with a conventional slurry method and prior studies.

Main Results:

  • Thermal analysis demonstrated high performance, especially for low-solubility APIs and those prone to solvate formation.
  • The method showed limitations when kinetic hindrance or degradation near eutectic temperatures affected salt/cocrystal formation.
  • Thermal analysis proved effective for screening coformers for APIs with specific physicochemical properties.

Conclusions:

  • Thermal analysis and slurry methods are complementary for comprehensive coformer screening.
  • The thermal analysis method is feasible for drug discovery due to its small scale and high throughput.
  • This approach enhances the efficiency of identifying suitable crystalline forms for APIs.