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Cognitivism

Cognitivism

Cognitive psychology emerged as a significant field in the mid-20th century. It focused on understanding humans' internal mental processes. This approach emphasizes how people perceive, remember, think, and solve problems—elements critical to human cognition.
Previously dominated by behaviorism, which prioritized observable behaviors and largely ignored mental processes, psychology transformed in the 1950s. Cognitive psychologists argue that understanding how we think and process...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Traditional Trail Making Test Modified into Brand-new Assessment Tools: Digital and Walking Trail Making Test

Published on: November 23, 2019

Using cognitive status to predict crash risk: blazing new trails?

Loren Staplin¹, Kenneth W Gish¹, Kathy J Sifrit²

¹TransAnalytics, LLC; 336 West Broad Street, Quakertown, PA 18951, USA.

Journal of Safety Research

|February 18, 2014

Summary

A new error-compensated measure for the Trail-Making Test (TMT) Part B improved prediction of crash risk in older drivers. This enhanced TMT version offers better specificity for assessing driving safety in large populations.

Keywords:

Aging Cognitive impairment Crash risk prediction Driver Trail making Test

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Gerontology
Transportation Safety

Background:

A computer-based version of the Trail-Making Test (TMT), a neuropsychological assessment, was administered to nearly 700 older drivers (70+ years).
The study utilized a volunteer sample representative of Maryland's older driver population in terms of age and prior driving safety.
Participants received compensation and assurances that test results would not impact their license status.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the effectiveness of a computer-based Trail-Making Test (TMT) in predicting crash risk among older drivers.
To introduce and assess a novel outcome measure, the error-compensated completion time, for the TMT.
To determine if this new measure offers improved predictive accuracy compared to traditional completion time.

Main Methods:

The study involved administering the TMT to approximately 700 drivers aged 70 and older.
A new metric, error-compensated completion time, was developed to account for both correct and incorrect responses.
Statistical analyses examined the relationship between TMT scores and subsequent crash experience.

Main Results:

Trail-Making Test Part B, using the error-compensated completion time, emerged as a reliable predictor of crash risk.
This new measure demonstrated a modest increase in specificity compared to the simple time-to-completion metric.
The error-compensated completion time proved to be a more significant predictor of future driving safety.

Conclusions:

The error-compensated completion time for TMT Part B offers improved specificity in predicting crash risk for older drivers.
This enhanced TMT measure has potential advantages for autonomous administration in large-scale settings.
The findings suggest utility for this refined TMT in contexts like healthcare and driver licensing agencies.