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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Speeding to pluripotency.

Josh G Chenoweth1, Ronald D McKay1

  • 1Lieber Institute for Brain Development, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.

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This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers discovered a novel cell type exhibiting an ultrafast cell cycle. This cell

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Area of Science:

  • Cell biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Nonstochastic cellular reprogramming without genetic manipulation remains a significant challenge.
  • Understanding the mechanisms of rapid and synchronous cell fate determination is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize a cell type capable of non-genetic, rapid reprogramming.
  • To investigate the properties of cells with an ultrafast cell cycle.

Main Methods:

  • Cell cycle analysis
  • High-resolution imaging
  • Progeny analysis

Main Results:

  • Identification of a cell defined by an ultrafast cell cycle.
  • Demonstration that progeny of this cell reprogram in a synchronous and rapid manner.
  • Characterization of the unique cell cycle dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • A novel cell type with unique reprogramming properties has been identified.
  • The ultrafast cell cycle is key to the observed synchronous and rapid reprogramming.
  • This finding opens new avenues for understanding cell fate determination.