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Ultraviolet and Visible (UV–Vis) Spectroscopy: Overview01:02

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Ultraviolet–visible (UV–visible or UV–Vis) spectroscopy is an analytical technique that investigates the interaction between matter and UV–Vis light within the electromagnetic spectrum. This method is widely used for its versatility, simplicity, and relatively quick data acquisition, making it valuable for both qualitative and quantitative analysis. When UV–Vis radiation passes through a material,  molecules absorb light depending on the energy required for...
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The absorbance of UV and visible (UV–visible) radiations is measured using a UV–visible spectrophotometer. Deuterium lamps, which emit UV radiation, and tungsten lamps, which produce radiation in the visible region, are used as light sources in UV–visible spectrophotometers. A monochromator or prism is used for diffraction grating, i.e., to split the incoming radiation into different wavelengths. A system of slits is used to focus the desired wavelength on the sample cell.
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UV–Vis Spectrum01:30

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When light passes through a substance, a portion of the light is absorbed while the remaining light is reflected or transmitted. If the molecule absorbs light between the wavelengths of 180–400 nm range, the UV spectrum is obtained, and if it absorbs light in the 400–780 nm wavelength range, the visible spectrum is obtained.     
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IR spectra are divided into two main regions: the diagnostic region and the fingerprint region. The diagnostic region of the spectrum lies above 1500 cm−1. The absorptions resulting from single-bond vibrations of the N–H, C–H, and O–H stretch at higher wavenumbers and appear on the left side of the spectrum. The stretching absorptions of the C≡C and C≡N occur between 2100–2300 cm−1. In contrast, those arising from stretching absorptions of the...
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Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview01:09

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When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
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IR Spectrum01:19

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When infrared (IR) radiation passes through a molecule, the bonds stretch or bend by absorbing the radiation. This absorption creates the molecule's absorption spectrum, which is the plot of its percentage transmittance versus wavenumber.
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Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Spectroscopic Identification of Dispersant/Particle Bonding Mechanisms in Functional Inks
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Invisible ink mark detection in the visible spectrum using absorption difference.

Joong Lee1, Seong G Kong2, Tae-Yi Kang1

  • 1Forensic Engineering Division, National Forensic Service, Seoul 158-707, South Korea.

Forensic Science International
|February 18, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces an image processing method to detect invisible ink on playing cards without special equipment. The technique analyzes color differences to reveal hidden marks, effective for UV and IR inks.

Keywords:
Absorption differenceForensic scienceGambling fraudImage processingInvisible ink

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Area of Science:

  • Image Processing
  • Forensic Science
  • Gambling Fraud Detection

Background:

  • Gambling fraud frequently utilizes invisible ink on playing cards, undetectable by the naked eye.
  • Existing detection methods require specialized equipment like ultraviolet (UV) or infrared (IR) filters and illumination.
  • Cheaters may use modified eyewear (UV/IR filters) to spot these covert markings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an image processing technique for revealing invisible ink patterns in the visible spectrum.
  • To eliminate the need for specialized detection equipment (UV/IR lights or filters).
  • To provide an accessible method for detecting both UV-active and IR-active invisible inks.

Main Methods:

  • The proposed method analyzes differences in color components caused by light absorption variations.
  • It exploits the refractive index differences of invisible ink coatings across different light wavelengths.
  • Image processing algorithms are applied to detect these subtle color disparities on the card surface.

Main Results:

  • The image processing technique successfully revealed invisible ink patterns without UV or IR aids.
  • The method demonstrated effectiveness for both UV-active and IR-active invisible ink materials.
  • Experiment results confirm the scheme's capability in detecting covert markings.

Conclusions:

  • A novel image processing approach can detect invisible ink on playing cards using standard visible light.
  • This method offers a practical and equipment-free alternative for identifying cheating tactics.
  • The technique's versatility extends to various types of invisible inks used in fraud.