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Related Concept Videos

Renewal of Intestinal Stem Cells01:23

Renewal of Intestinal Stem Cells

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The intestinal epithelial lining rapidly renews every 4 to 5 days. The renewal is facilitated by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the base of the crypt– a gland located at the bottom of each villus. ISCs divide asymmetrically to form new stem cells and progenitor daughter cells. The daughter cells are called transit-amplifying (TA) cells which move upwards along the crypt and either differentiate into absorptive cells– the enterocytes or secretory cells– including the...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more stem cells or progenitor cells that differentiate into mature, specialized cell types. All the cells in the body are generated from stem cells in the early embryo, but small populations of stem cells are also present in many adult tissues including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. These adult stem cells typically produce the various cell types found in that tissue—to replace cells that are damaged or to continuously...
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Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata...
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Gallbladder01:17

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The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ that plays a crucial role in our digestive system. Measuring about 10 cm in length, it is comparable in size to a kiwi fruit and is located in a hollow area on the lower surface of the liver. The gallbladder's primary function is to store and concentrate bile, a fluid produced by the liver that aids in digestion.
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A hair follicle or HF is a small part of the skin that produces the hair shaft. Paul Gerson Unna was the first to observe a bulge in the human hair follicle's outer root sheath (ORS). The bulge is present between the sebaceous gland and the arrector pili muscle and is the niche for hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs). The bulge is also a niche for melanocyte stem cells, and their loss results in graying of hair. The HFSCs express Sox9 and Lhx2, which help them maintain stemness and prevent...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Generation, Maintenance, and Characterization of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Intestinal and Colonic Organoids
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Evidence for multipotent endodermal stem/progenitor cell populations in human gallbladder.

Guido Carpino1, Vincenzo Cardinale2, Raffaele Gentile2

  • 1Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy.

Journal of Hepatology
|February 18, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Human gallbladders harbor multipotent stem cells within mucosal crypts. These EpCAM+ cells can differentiate into hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, and pancreatic endocrine cells, offering potential for regenerative medicine.

Keywords:
Epithelial differentiationGallbladderLiver regenerationPancreatic islet cellsStem cells

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Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Endodermal lineage development
  • Regenerative medicine

Background:

  • Multipotent stem/progenitor cells reside in peribiliary glands across the human biliary tree.
  • These cells can generate mature cells of hepato-biliary and pancreatic endocrine lineages.
  • The presence of endodermal stem/progenitors in the human gallbladder was investigated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the presence and characteristics of endodermal stem/progenitors in the human gallbladder.
  • To determine if gallbladder-derived stem cells can be isolated and differentiated into various cell types.
  • To assess the potential therapeutic applications of these stem cells in liver disease models.

Main Methods:

  • Human gallbladders were obtained from organ donors and surgical patients.
  • Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-positive (EpCAM+) cells were immunoselected and characterized.
  • Cells were cultured for self-replication and differentiated in specific media; in vivo studies used a liver cirrhosis model.

Main Results:

  • Gallbladders contain stem/progenitors in mucosal crypts, not peribiliary glands.
  • EpCAM+ cells exhibited stemness and progenitor markers, with single-cell clonogenic expansion.
  • Differentiated cells included albumin-secreting hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, and glucose-responsive neoislets.
  • Transplanted cells generated hepatocytes and cholangiocytes in vivo, with enhanced engraftment in cirrhotic mice.

Conclusions:

  • Human gallbladders contain readily isolatable multipotent, endodermal stem cells.
  • These cells possess the properties necessary for differentiation into multiple adult cell fates.
  • Gallbladder-derived stem cells show promise for regenerative therapies, particularly in liver disease.