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Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

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The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent...
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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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The circadian—or biological—clock is an intrinsic, timekeeping, molecular mechanism that allows plants to coordinate physiological activities over 24-hour cycles called circadian rhythms. Photoperiodism is a collective term for the biological responses of plants to variations in the relative lengths of dark and light periods. The period of light-exposure is called the photoperiod.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Analysis of Circadian Photoresponses in Drosophila Using Locomotor Activity
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Circadian behavior is light-reprogrammed by plastic DNA methylation.

Abdelhalim Azzi1, Robert Dallmann1, Alison Casserly1

  • 1Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.

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Environmental factors influence our internal body clocks. This study reveals that DNA methylation in the brain

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Area of Science:

  • Chronobiology
  • Neuroepigenetics
  • Molecular Psychiatry

Background:

  • Individual differences in circadian behavior timing are significant, with environmental factors contributing substantially.
  • Environmental cues, like altered light-dark cycles, can induce stable, long-term changes in circadian rhythms.
  • The molecular mechanisms underlying environmental influences on circadian clocks remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular mechanisms by which environmental light exposure stably alters circadian behavior.
  • To explore the role of epigenetic modifications, specifically DNA methylation, in mediating circadian plasticity.

Main Methods:

  • Mice were exposed to an altered lighting schedule (22-hour cycle) to induce circadian period changes.
  • Global transcription profiling and genome-wide DNA methylation analysis were performed on the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN).
  • Re-entrainment to a standard 24-hour cycle and pharmacological inhibition of methyltransferases were used to assess reversibility and causality.

Main Results:

  • Transient exposure to an altered light-dark cycle caused stable, global changes in gene transcription within the SCN.
  • These transcriptional changes were accompanied by global alterations in promoter DNA methylation in the SCN.
  • Both behavioral and molecular changes were reversible upon re-entrainment, and methyltransferase inhibition prevented period alterations.

Conclusions:

  • The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the brain's master clock, employs DNA methylation to adapt circadian behavior to environmental conditions.
  • Epigenetic mechanisms, particularly DNA methylation, are crucial for mediating the plasticity of circadian rhythms in response to environmental cues.
  • This study identifies a novel molecular pathway linking environmental light exposure to stable epigenetic modifications and circadian clock function.