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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

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Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
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Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

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Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion...
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Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Human Virome01:26

Human Virome

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The human body harbors a vast and diverse viral community known as the human virome. The virome includes bacteriophages that infect bacteria, and eukaryotic viruses that infect human cells. Transient dietary and environmental viruses also contribute to this dynamic ecosystem. Estimates suggest the human body may contain on the order of 10¹³ viral particles, though abundance varies widely by body site and detection method.Comprehensive characterization of the virome has become possible...
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Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

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Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

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Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
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An update on hepatitis B, D, and E viruses.

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  • 1University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.

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Non-HCV viral hepatitis, including hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis D virus (HDV) coinfection, poses significant liver disease risks, particularly in HIV-infected individuals. Treatment options exist but require careful consideration for optimal patient outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Virology

Background:

  • Non-hepatitis C virus (HCV) viral hepatitis remains a significant cause of liver disease, especially in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
  • Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a leading cause of cirrhosis globally, with a substantial risk of decompensated liver disease.
  • Hepatitis D virus (HDV) coinfection with HBV exacerbates liver disease severity and mortality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize current understanding and treatment approaches for non-HCV viral hepatitis, focusing on HBV, HDV, and hepatitis E virus (HEV) in the context of HIV infection.
  • To highlight the clinical significance and management challenges of viral hepatitis in immunocompromised populations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and clinical guidelines on HBV, HDV, and HEV management.
  • Summary of expert presentation on viral hepatitis in HIV-infected individuals.

Main Results:

  • Chronic HBV infection treatment involves peginterferon alfa, entecavir, or tenofovir.
  • HBV/HDV coinfection leads to more severe hepatitis and increased mortality compared to HBV monoinfection.
  • Peginterferon alfa is the primary treatment for HDV infection.
  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV) can cause chronic infection in immunosuppressed patients, rapidly leading to cirrhosis, with no established treatment guidelines for HIV-infected individuals.

Conclusions:

  • Non-HCV viral hepatitis, particularly HBV/HDV coinfection and chronic HEV in HIV-infected persons, presents serious risks for liver disease progression.
  • Current treatment strategies for HBV and HDV are established, but management of HEV in this population requires further guideline development.