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Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
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Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
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Immunological Memory01:23

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Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
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Antimicrobial proteins are important components of the immune system. They aid the body in combating pathogens by either killing them directly or hindering their replication processes. Four main types of antimicrobial substances are interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins.
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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
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Updated: May 3, 2026

Atomic Absorbance Spectroscopy to Measure Intracellular Zinc Pools in Mammalian Cells
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Atomic Absorbance Spectroscopy to Measure Intracellular Zinc Pools in Mammalian Cells

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Multiple impacts of zinc on immune function.

Hajo Haase1, Lothar Rink

  • 1Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany. LRink@ukaachen.de.

Metallomics : Integrated Biometal Science
|February 18, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Zinc is vital for the immune system, with deficiency severely impacting immune responses. This review explores zinc

Area of Science:

  • Immunology and Trace Element Metabolism

Background:

  • Zinc is an essential trace element crucial for numerous physiological processes.
  • Zinc deficiency disproportionately impacts immune system function.
  • The precise roles of zinc in immunity are multifaceted and complex.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding zinc's role in immunity.
  • To highlight key areas including signal transduction, immune cell function, and nutritional immunity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent scientific developments.
  • Synthesis of findings across cellular and molecular immunology.

Main Results:

  • Zinc acts as a critical second messenger in immune cell signal transduction pathways.

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  • Adequate zinc levels are essential for optimal immune cell proliferation and function.
  • Nutritional immunity involves the host's competition with pathogens for zinc.

    • Conclusions:

    • Zinc plays diverse and indispensable roles in maintaining a robust immune system.
    • Understanding these roles is crucial for addressing immune dysfunction associated with zinc deficiency.