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Trends and concepts in fern classification.

Maarten J M Christenhusz1, Mark W Chase

  • 1Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3DS, UK.

Annals of Botany
|February 18, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Fern classification has evolved significantly, with molecular phylogenetics now clarifying relationships. This study presents a stable classification for ferns and lycopods based on current evolutionary understanding.

Keywords:
BibliographyCyatheaceaePolypodiaceaeclassificationconvergencecryptogamsfern alliesfern family conceptsfernshistory of botanyhomologylycopodsmonilophytespteridophytes

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Area of Science:

  • Botany
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Phylogenetics

Background:

  • Fern classification has historically been unstable, with numerous proposed systems over two centuries.
  • Increasing knowledge of fern morphology, life histories, and molecular data has driven changes in classification.
  • This review addresses the labile nature of fern familial and generic concepts, aiming for a stable consensus.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical progression of fern classification systems.
  • To discuss the challenges and changing concepts of fern families.
  • To present an updated, stable classification of ferns and lycopods based on molecular phylogenetics.

Main Methods:

  • Historical overview of fern classification from early systems to modern molecular approaches.
  • Analysis of character-based versus molecular phylogenetic evidence in fern systematics.
  • Synthesis of recent molecular findings to resolve relationships within fern and lycopod clades.

Main Results:

  • Fern classification has shifted from artificial to natural and evolutionary systems.
  • Molecular phylogenetics has resolved many uncertainties, revealing fern allies to be polyphyletic.
  • New clades identified include lycopods (sister to all vascular plants) and monilophytes (ferns and horsetails).
  • The traditional 'fern allies' category should be abandoned due to polyphyly.

Conclusions:

  • A stable classification for ferns and lycopods is presented, reflecting current phylogenetic understanding.
  • Major revisions highlight issues of convergent evolution and the impact of molecular data.
  • The proposed classification expands certain families (e.g., Aspleniaceae, Polypodiaceae) for greater stability.