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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Development of a Novel Internal Fixation Model for Rat Radial Fractures: Fracture Healing Assessment and Dorsal Root Ganglion Isolation
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Distal radius malunion and forearm rotation: a cadaveric study.

Andrew Bronstein1, Dennis Heaton1, Allan F Tencer1

  • 1Bellevue Hand Surgery, University of Washington, Bellevue, Washington.

Journal of Wrist Surgery
|February 18, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Significant loss of forearm rotation after distal radius fractures is often due to soft tissue contracture, not severe bone misalignment. This study simulated malunions in cadavers to identify rotation loss causes.

Keywords:
allograftartilageligamentstabilitythumb arthritis

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Biomechanics
  • Anatomy

Background:

  • Distal radius fractures commonly result in malunions, affecting forearm rotation.
  • The cause of lost forearm rotation (bony malalignment vs. soft tissue contracture) is debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of simulated distal radius malunion patterns on forearm rotation.
  • To differentiate the contributions of osseous misalignment and soft tissue contracture to rotational loss.

Main Methods:

  • Seven fresh cadaveric specimens were used.
  • Simulated uniplanar malunion patterns (dorsal tilt, radioulnar translation, radial shortening) were created via osteotomy.
  • Forearm rotation was measured under constant torque with varying degrees of simulated malalignment.

Main Results:

  • Dorsal tilt up to 30° and radial translation up to 10mm caused no significant loss of motion.
  • 5mm ulnar translation resulted in a 23% loss of pronation.
  • 10mm radial shortening led to a 47% loss of pronation and 29% loss of supination.

Conclusions:

  • Severe osseous malalignment is required to significantly restrict forearm rotation.
  • Soft tissue contracture is the most probable cause of rotation loss in most distal radius fracture malunions.