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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Calcium and phosphate are essential electrolytes in the human body, with calcium being the most abundant mineral. Around 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the skeleton and teeth, forming a crystal lattice of mineral salts in combination with phosphates. Calcium plays crucial roles in various bodily functions such as blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone maintenance, and nervous and muscle tissue excitability.
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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
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Circulating cellular players in vascular calcification.

Mattia Albiero, Angelo Avogaro, Gian Paolo Fadini1

  • 1Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35100 Padova, Italy. gianpaolo.fadini@unipd.it.

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|February 19, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vascular calcification involves hydroxyapatite deposition in arteries, regulated similarly to bone formation. This review explores circulating cells contributing to this process beyond traditional vascular cells.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Biology
  • Vascular Biology
  • Biomineralization

Background:

  • Vascular calcification is hydroxyapatite deposition in arteries, a regulated process.
  • It shares mechanisms with embryonic ossification.
  • Imbalance between pro- and anti-calcification factors drives vascular calcification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of vascular calcification mechanisms.
  • To discuss the emerging role of extraparietal and circulating cells.
  • To highlight novel cellular players in ectopic calcification.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of current research.
  • Analysis of cellular mechanisms in vascular calcification.
  • Exploration of extraparietal cell contributions.

Main Results:

  • Canonical cells (endothelial, smooth muscle, immune) are involved.
  • Extraparietal cells are increasingly recognized in vascular biology.
  • Circulating calcifying cells represent a new frontier.

Conclusions:

  • Vascular calcification is a complex, regulated biomineralization process.
  • Understanding extraparietal and circulating cells is crucial.
  • Further research into these novel cell populations is warranted.