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Updated: May 3, 2026

Clinical Imaging of Microwave Mammography

Clinical Imaging of Microwave Mammography

Published on: November 14, 2025

Detecting breast microcalcifications with high-field MRI.

Hendrik de Leeuw¹, Bertine L Stehouwer, Chris J G Bakker

¹Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.

NMR in Biomedicine

|February 19, 2014

Summary

High-field MRI can detect microcalcifications in human whole breast specimens. This phase derivative imaging technique shows promise for identifying these small calcifications, crucial for breast cancer diagnosis.

Keywords:

MRI breast mastectomy ex vivo high field microcalcification phase derivative mapping

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Area of Science:

Medical Imaging
Radiology
Biophysics

Background:

Microcalcifications are key indicators of early breast cancer.
Mammography is the standard for detection, but limitations exist.
Advanced imaging techniques are needed for improved detection in whole breast specimens.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the efficacy of high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for detecting microcalcifications in human whole breast specimens.
To assess the sensitivity of phase derivative MRI techniques for microcalcification identification.
To develop and validate an automated method for microcalcification detection using MRI.

Main Methods:

Gradient-echo MRI acquisitions were performed on four human mastectomy specimens using a high-field MR scanner.
Phase derivative imaging was employed to detect microcalcifications, with variations in echo time and imaging resolution.
Computed tomography (CT) and prior mammography images were used for validation; a template matching algorithm was developed for automatic detection.

Main Results:

The phase derivative method successfully detected microcalcifications, including those in a linear branching configuration up to 8 mm.
Increased imaging resolution enhanced detection sensitivity.
The automated detection tool, after manual correction, identified up to 18 microcalcifications, correlating well with mammography findings.

Conclusions:

High-field MRI, utilizing phase derivative imaging, is capable of detecting microcalcifications in human whole breast specimens.
The technique allows for three-dimensional localization and differentiation of calcifications from other structures.
This MRI approach offers a potential complementary method for microcalcification detection in pathological specimens.