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Endoplasmic Reticulum

Endoplasmic Reticulum

The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) in eukaryotic cells is a substantial network of interconnected membranes with diverse functions, from calcium storage to biomolecule synthesis. A primary component of the endomembrane system, the ER manufactures phospholipids critical for membrane function throughout the cell. Additionally, the two distinct regions of the ER specialize in the manufacture of specific lipids and proteins.

The Endoplasmic Reticulum

The Endoplasmic Reticulum

The endoplasmic reticulum or ER makes up for more than half of the membranes in a cell and accounts for 10% of total cell volume. It is also the primary protein and lipid synthesis factory for most cell organelles, such as the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, secretory vesicles, and the plasma membrane. Despite being the most extensive and functionally complex subcellular organelle, ER was the last to be discovered. After years of deliberation, Keith Porter and George Palade in the year 1954,...

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Golgi Apparatus

As they leave the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles. These vesicles are transported by microtubule-based motor proteins and fuse together to form vesicular tubular clusters, subsequently arriving at the Golgi apparatus, a eukaryotic endomembrane organelle that often has a distinctive ribbon-like appearance.

Golgi Apparatus

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Properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles that exit the ER. Motor proteins transport these vesicles to the Golgi apparatus for adding modifications that make these proteins functional at their destination.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Visualization of Endoplasmic Reticulum Subdomains in Cultured Cells

Visualization of Endoplasmic Reticulum Subdomains in Cultured Cells

Published on: February 18, 2014

Endoplasmic reticulum aggregates of ordered structure.

¹Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK.

|February 20, 2014

Summary

Quasi-crystalline membranous bodies form in developing Acer stem sieve elements. These structures arise from the organized association of endoplasmic reticulum cisternae.

Area of Science:

Plant cell biology
Plant anatomy

Background:

Sieve elements are the primary conducting cells in the phloem of vascular plants.
The development and ultrastructure of sieve elements involve complex cellular processes.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the origin and structure of unique membranous bodies observed in Acer stem phloem.
To elucidate the role of endoplasmic reticulum in the formation of these cellular structures.

Main Methods:

Light and electron microscopy techniques were employed.
Analysis of Acer stem phloem tissue at various developmental stages.

Main Results:

Membranous bodies exhibiting a quasi-crystalline arrangement were identified in developing sieve elements.

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These bodies originate from the association of initially randomly distributed endoplasmic reticulum cisternae.

The structures are specific to the developmental phase of sieve elements.

Conclusions:

The formation of quasi-crystalline membranous bodies is a distinct event during sieve element development in Acer.
Endoplasmic reticulum plays a crucial role in the assembly of these ordered cellular structures.