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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
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Milwaukee shoulder syndrome.

Channa Vasanth Nadarajah1, Immo Weichert1

  • 1Department of Acute Medicine, The Ipswich Hospital NHS Trust, Ipswich, Suffolk IP4 5PD, UK.

Case Reports in Rheumatology
|February 20, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Milwaukee shoulder syndrome (MSS) is a rare destructive arthropathy characterized by hydroxyapatite crystals and rotator cuff defects. Diagnosis involves identifying these crystals in synovial fluid from affected shoulders.

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Rheumatology
  • Crystal Arthropathies

Background:

  • Milwaukee shoulder syndrome (MSS) is a rare, destructive condition affecting the shoulder joint.
  • It is a type of calcium phosphate crystalline arthropathy.
  • MSS is characterized by noninflammatory effusion and hydroxyapatite crystals in synovial fluid, often linked to rotator cuff defects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe a case of Milwaukee shoulder syndrome.
  • To highlight the clinical presentation, radiographic findings, and diagnostic confirmation of MSS.

Main Methods:

  • Case report of a patient with recurrent shoulder pain and swelling.
  • Diagnostic confirmation through synovial fluid aspiration and analysis.
  • Radiographic assessment for characteristic changes.

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Main Results:

  • The patient presented with recurrent shoulder pain and swelling.
  • Radiographic imaging showed changes consistent with MSS.
  • Synovial fluid aspiration confirmed the presence of calcium hydroxyapatite crystals, establishing the diagnosis of MSS.

Conclusions:

  • Milwaukee shoulder syndrome is a rare but significant cause of shoulder destruction.
  • Early diagnosis through synovial fluid analysis is crucial for appropriate management.
  • MSS should be considered in patients with unexplained shoulder pain, swelling, and rotator cuff abnormalities.