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Diagnosing schistosomiasis: where are we?

Luciana Inácia Gomes1, Martin Johannes Enk2, Ana Rabello1

  • 1Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo HorizonteMG, Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG.

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New diagnostic tools for schistosomiasis (a parasitic disease) show high sensitivity and specificity. These advancements, including antigen and DNA detection, are crucial for disease elimination and surveillance programs worldwide.

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Area of Science:

  • * Tropical Medicine
  • * Parasitology
  • * Public Health

Background:

  • * The World Health Organization aims to eliminate schistosomiasis, necessitating effective diagnostic tools for control programs.
  • * Current diagnostic methods vary in sensitivity and specificity, impacting disease surveillance and elimination efforts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To review diagnostic tools for schistosomiasis developed over recent decades.
  • * To provide an overview of efforts to make efficient diagnostic tools globally accessible for disease elimination.

Main Methods:

  • * A comprehensive literature search was conducted on PubMed (1978-2013) using keywords 'schistosomiasis' and 'diagnosis'.
  • * Publications were included if they focused on human schistosomiasis laboratory diagnostic techniques and were published in English.
  • * Articles were categorized by diagnostic methodology (parasitological, immunological, molecular) and development stage (in-house, limited field, large-scale field testing).

Main Results:

  • * Out of 4,535 initial publications, 643 met the inclusion criteria.
  • * Immunological techniques dominated the literature (537 publications), followed by parasitological (81) and molecular (25) methods.
  • * Most studies focused on in-house development (307), with fewer on limited (202) or large-scale field testing (134).

Conclusions:

  • * Promising new diagnostic tools, particularly for Schistosoma antigen and DNA detection, exhibit high sensitivity and specificity.
  • * These advanced diagnostics, coupled with international funding, represent a significant advancement for schistosomiasis elimination and surveillance.
  • * Making efficient tests accessible and sustainable is key for control programs in endemic countries.