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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Assessment of Age-related Changes in Cognitive Functions Using EmoCogMeter, a Novel Tablet-computer Based Approach
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Patterns of cognitive function in aging: the Rotterdam Study.

Yoo Young Hoogendam1, Albert Hofman, Jos N van der Geest

  • 1Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

European Journal of Epidemiology
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Summary

Cognitive function declines with age in healthy adults over 45. Processing speed, fine motor skills, and visuospatial abilities are most affected, while memory remains relatively stable.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Gerontology
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Cognitive impairment is a key feature of dementia.
  • Cognitive decline also frequently occurs in non-demented elderly individuals.
  • Understanding age-related cognitive changes in the general population is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate cross-sectional age effects on various cognitive domains in non-demented individuals.
  • To identify which cognitive functions are most susceptible to aging.
  • To differentiate age-related changes from dementia-related cognitive impairment.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from the population-based Rotterdam Study, including over 3,000 non-demented participants aged 45-99.
  • Administered an extensive cognitive test battery assessing processing speed, executive function, verbal fluency, memory, visuospatial ability, and fine motor skills.
  • Calculated a general cognitive function (g-factor) using principal component analysis.

Main Results:

  • General cognitive function (g-factor) showed a significant decline with age (z-score difference of -0.59 per decade).
  • Fine motor skills (-0.53), processing speed (-0.49), and visuospatial ability (-0.48) exhibited the strongest age-related declines.
  • Immediate recall showed a smaller age effect (-0.25), significantly less than fine motor skills (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:

  • In non-demented individuals aged 45 and older, general cognitive function deteriorates with aging.
  • Specific cognitive domains, particularly fine motor skills, processing speed, and visuospatial abilities, are most impacted by age.
  • Memory functions appear to be more resilient to age-related decline in this non-demented cohort.