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Related Concept Videos

Acute Pharyngitis01:30

Acute Pharyngitis

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Introduction
Acute pharyngitis is the inflammation of the back of the throat (pharynx), commonly resulting in a sore throat. It is a frequently encountered condition that prompts individuals to seek medical advice.
Classification
Acute pharyngitis can be categorized based on its underlying cause:
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Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview01:16

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview

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Upper respiratory tract disorders, including viral infections and allergic rhinitis, cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Managing these conditions involves a variety of drugs, such as antihistamines, intranasal steroids, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Specific examples of drugs in each category are provided.
Antihistamines (e.g., Benadryl) block histamines from binding. Histamines are chemicals released during an allergic reaction in the body. As a...
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Tonsillitis II: Management01:26

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This lesson will focus on the different treatment options for managing tonsillitis, which typically depend on the cause and severity.
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Upper Respiratory Drugs: Antitussives, Expectorants, and Mucolytics01:23

Upper Respiratory Drugs: Antitussives, Expectorants, and Mucolytics

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Respiratory symptoms, such as congestion and cough, commonly accompany respiratory tract conditions. Various medications, such as antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics, play crucial roles in providing relief.
Antitussives include codeine, dextromethorphan (Robitussin), and benzonatate (Tessalon). Codeine and dextromethorphan exert their effects centrally by suppressing the cough reflex center in the medulla.  Benzonatate operates peripherally within the respiratory tract by...
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Chronic Pharyngitis01:23

Chronic Pharyngitis

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Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...
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Methods of reducing fever01:22

Methods of reducing fever

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The signs and symptoms of fever include hot and dry skin, flushed face, thirst, muscle aches, anorexia, headache, tachycardia, tachypnea, and fatigue. Elevated body temperature is reduced using two methods: pharmacological and nonpharmacological. Proper identification and treatment of the root cause of a fever is of utmost importance.
Pharmacological Methods of Reducing Fever:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Author Spotlight: Evaluating the Adjuvant Efficacy and Safety of Angong Niuhuang Pill in Viral Encephalitis Treatment
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Author Spotlight: Evaluating the Adjuvant Efficacy and Safety of Angong Niuhuang Pill in Viral Encephalitis Treatment

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Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold.

Marlies Karsch-Völk1, Bruce Barrett, David Kiefer

  • 1Institut für Allgemeinmedizin/Institute of General Practice, Technische Universität München/Klinikum rechts der Isar, Orlansstr. 47, München, Germany, 81667.

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
|February 21, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Echinacea preparations did not demonstrate significant benefits for treating or preventing common colds in this review. While some studies showed non-significant positive trends for prevention, the clinical relevance remains questionable.

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Area of Science:

  • Herbal medicine
  • Pharmacology
  • Clinical research

Background:

  • Echinacea (family Asteraceae) is widely used for common colds.
  • Product variability in Echinacea preparations is common due to plant material, extraction, and added components.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Echinacea preparations versus placebo for common cold prevention and treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing Echinacea mono-preparations with placebo.
  • Searched multiple databases (CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, etc.) up to June 2013.
  • Assessed trial quality using Cochrane 'Risk of bias' tool.

Main Results:

  • Twenty-four RCTs with 4631 participants were included.
  • No statistically significant difference in cold prevention was found, though a post hoc analysis suggested a 10-20% risk reduction.
  • Echinacea showed no significant effect on cold duration in treatment trials; adverse events did not differ significantly, but a trend for dropouts in prevention was noted.

Conclusions:

  • Echinacea products did not show clear benefits for treating colds.
  • A potential weak benefit from some Echinacea products for prevention is possible, but clinical relevance is questionable.