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Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Experimental Protocol of a Three-minute, All-out Arm Crank Exercise Test in Spinal-cord Injured and Able-bodied Individuals
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Upper-limb power test in rock-climbing.

G Laffaye1, J-M Collin2, G Levernier2

  • 1UR CIAMS - Motor Control and Perception Group, Sport Sciences Department, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France.

International Journal of Sports Medicine
|February 21, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The new arm-jump board test (AJ) reliably measures upper limb power in climbers of all levels. This ecological test can differentiate between novice, skilled, and elite athletes and reveals distinct biomechanical profiles for boulderers and route climbers.

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Biomechanics
  • Exercise Physiology

Background:

  • Assessing upper limb power is crucial for climbing performance.
  • Existing power tests may lack ecological validity for climbers.
  • Differentiating climbing sub-disciplines (bouldering vs. route climbing) requires specific performance metrics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To validate the arm-jump board test (AJ) for assessing upper limb power in athletes.
  • To evaluate the reliability and validity of the AJ test.
  • To profile rock climbers (boulderers vs. route climbers) using the AJ test and principal component analysis (PCA).

Main Methods:

  • 34 athletes (novice, skilled, elite) performed the AJ test.
  • Power, time, velocity, and efficiency index were recorded.
  • Validity assessed via accelerometer comparison; reliability via intra-/inter-session scores; profiles via PCA.

Main Results:

  • The AJ test demonstrated good validity (low bias, <6% limits of agreement) and high reliability (ICC=0.98, CV<5%).
  • The AJ test effectively distinguished between novice, skilled, and elite athletes (p<0.0001).
  • PCA revealed distinct profiles: explosive for boulderers, and weak/quick or slow for route climbers.

Conclusions:

  • The arm-jump board test (AJ) is a valid and reliable tool for assessing upper limb strength in climbing.
  • The AJ test can effectively differentiate climbing athletes by competitive level.
  • The AJ test reveals unique biomechanical signatures for bouldering and route climbing disciplines.