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Proteins undergo chemical modifications that trigger changes in the charge, structure, and conformation of the proteins. Phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, nitrosylation, ubiquitination, lipidation, methylation, and proteolysis are various protein modifications that regulate protein activity. Such modifications are usually enzyme-driven.
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Author Spotlight: Developing Tools to Tune the Activity of Tyrosine Phosphatases
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Microbial protein-tyrosine kinases.

Joseph D Chao1, Dennis Wong, Yossef Av-Gay

  • 1From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology and.

The Journal of Biological Chemistry
|February 21, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Protein kinases, once thought eukaryotic, are common in microbes. This study explores bacterial tyrosine kinases (BY-kinases) and their role alongside two-component systems in microbial signaling pathways.

Keywords:
BY-kinasesBacterial Protein KinasesBacterial Signal TransductionMycobacterium tuberculosis PtkAProtein-tyrosine Kinase (Tyrosine Kinase)Signal TransductionSignalingTyr Kinase

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Protein phosphorylation on Ser, Thr, and Tyr was historically considered a eukaryotic hallmark.
  • The discovery of microbial ester kinases challenges this long-held belief.
  • Prokaryotic genomes reveal a prevalence of "eukaryote-like" protein kinases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the distribution, phylogeny, and function of prokaryotic protein-tyrosine kinases.
  • To investigate the convergence of "eukaryote-like" protein kinases with microbial two-component systems.
  • To highlight the significance of bacterial tyrosine kinases (BY-kinases) in microbial signaling.

Main Methods:

  • Genomic analysis of available microbial genomes.
  • Phylogenetic analysis of protein-tyrosine kinase families.
  • Biochemical characterization of identified tyrosine kinases.

Main Results:

  • "Eukaryote-like" protein kinases are widespread in prokaryotes, often co-existing with two-component systems.
  • Most microbial tyrosine kinases lack eukaryotic Hanks domain signatures, identified by biochemical activity.
  • Bacterial tyrosine kinases (BY-kinases) are a major family within the prokaryotic protein-tyrosine kinase superfamily, responsible for most bacterial tyrosine phosphorylation.

Conclusions:

  • Prokaryotic protein-tyrosine kinases are diverse, including BY-kinases, atypical kinases, and Hanks-type kinases.
  • Understanding these kinases, like Mycobacterium tuberculosis PtkA, is crucial for deciphering microbial signaling.
  • The prevalence of these kinases suggests significant, yet underexplored, roles in bacterial biology.