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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division01:18

Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division

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The cranial part of the parasympathetic division plays a crucial role in regulating the visceral functions of the head and specific structures in the neck, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities. Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division exit the brain through cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus), delivering parasympathetic output to the respective visceral structures.
The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) alone accounts for approximately 75...
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Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves01:24

Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves

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The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is a crucial component of the body's neural network, extending beyond the central nervous system (CNS) to bridge the gap between the CNS and the external environment. It encompasses nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors.
Nerves
The nerve is a bundle of axons that serves as the communication highway in the PNS. Each nerve is ensheathed in a protective layer of connective tissue called the epineurium. This outermost layer safeguards the nerve and supports the...
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Sympathetic Pathways: Sympathetic Chain Ganglia01:20

Sympathetic Pathways: Sympathetic Chain Ganglia

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The sympathetic chain ganglia, also known as the sympathetic trunk ganglia or paravertebral ganglia, are a series of ganglia located bilaterally on either side of the spinal column. These ganglia serve as relay stations for the sympathetic nervous system. Preganglionic neurons originating in the spinal cord project their axons to the sympathetic chain ganglia. Within the ganglia, these preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons.The postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic trunk...
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Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla01:27

Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla

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The sympathetic pathways of the collateral ganglia and adrenal medulla serve unique but interconnected roles in the sympathetic response.
Collateral Ganglia
Sympathetic preganglionic axons reach the collateral ganglia along the route of splanchnic nerves. These nerves bypass the sympathetic trunk and communicate with sympathetic postganglionic neurons housed in the prevertebral ganglia. These ganglia supply the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity.
The greater splanchnic nerve, formed by the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
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Functional paraganglioma.

Gokulakrishnan Balasubramanian1, Vallikantha Nellaiappan

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA.

BMJ Case Reports
|February 22, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Functional paraganglioma, a rare tumor, can cause severe symptoms like hypertensive crisis. Early diagnosis and surgical removal of these catecholamine-producing tumors are crucial for a curative outcome.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Paragangliomas are rare neuroendocrine tumors originating from neural crest cells.
  • These tumors can be functional, secreting catecholamines, or non-functional.
  • Functional paragangliomas manifest with symptoms of catecholamine excess.

Observation:

  • A young male presented with a hypertensive crisis and severe headache.
  • Diagnostic workup revealed a functional paraganglioma as the underlying cause.
  • The patient's symptoms were directly linked to catecholamine overproduction.

Findings:

  • The functional paraganglioma was identified as the source of the hypertensive crisis.
  • Surgical intervention is often curative for symptomatic paragangliomas.

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  • Prompt diagnosis is key to preventing severe complications.

    • Implications:

    • Highlights the importance of considering functional paraganglioma in patients with unexplained hypertensive crises.
    • Emphasizes the curable nature of these tumors with early detection and treatment.
    • Underscores the need for awareness among clinicians regarding paraganglioma presentation.