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Related Concept Videos

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The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
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The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...
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The human leg comprises an intricate system of muscles that facilitate the movement of feet and toes. Within this system, the muscles are categorized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments, each with a unique set of muscles carrying out specific functions.
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The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...
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Microtubules are hollow cylindrical filaments having a diameter of approximately 25 nm and a length that varies from 200 nm to 25 μm. GTP-bound tubulin subunits form αβ-heterodimers for microtubule assembly. These core building blocks interact longitudinally, polymerizing into protofilaments. The protofilaments then interact with one another through lateral bonding forces to form stable cylindrical microtubules. These cylindrical filaments are dynamic as they undergo repeated...
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The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

A Mouse Model of Ankle-Subtalar Complex Joint Instability
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Ankle sprains and instability.

Cory M Czajka1, Elaine Tran2, Andrew N Cai2

  • 1Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Albany Medical College, 43 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA.

The Medical Clinics of North America
|February 25, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ankle injuries, especially inversion sprains, are common in sports and primary care, potentially leading to disability. Prompt evaluation using Ottawa ankle rules and orthopedic referral for severe cases is crucial.

Keywords:
EversionInversionOttawa ankle rulesPRICEMMMSSprainSyndesmosis

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Sports Medicine
  • Primary Care

Background:

  • Ankle injuries are highly prevalent in emergency departments and primary care settings.
  • Inversion ankle injuries constitute a significant portion of musculoskeletal and sports-related injuries.
  • Medial ankle sprains and high ankle sprains are less common but notable, particularly in collision sports.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the epidemiology and clinical considerations of ankle injuries.
  • To highlight the importance of accurate diagnosis and management of ankle sprains.
  • To guide healthcare providers in evaluating and referring ankle injuries.

Main Methods:

  • Review of common ankle injury presentations.
  • Discussion of injury statistics and mechanisms.
  • Application of clinical decision rules like the Ottawa ankle rules.

Main Results:

  • Ankle injuries represent a substantial burden of musculoskeletal trauma.
  • Inversion sprains are the most frequent type, with high ankle sprains common in specific sports.
  • Radiographic assessment guided by Ottawa ankle rules aids in identifying fractures.

Conclusions:

  • Timely and accurate assessment of ankle injuries is essential to prevent long-term disability.
  • Adherence to diagnostic protocols like the Ottawa ankle rules improves efficiency.
  • Appropriate referral to orthopedic surgery is necessary for complex or severe ankle injuries.