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Related Concept Videos

Gut-Brain Axis01:22

Gut-Brain Axis

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The gut–brain axis is a bidirectional communication system that connects the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. This interaction is mediated through multiple pathways, including the vagus nerve, hormonal signals, immune responses, and chemical messengers produced by gut microbes.Microbial Contributions to Brain FunctionGut microbiota contributes significantly to brain function by producing neuroactive compounds. These include neuroactive compounds that influence neurotransmitters such...
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Physiology of the Gastrointestinal System III: Elimination01:26

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The gastrointestinal elimination process involves a complex interplay of neural and hormonal mechanisms that coordinate the final waste removal from the body. This intricate operation encompasses the absorption of water and electrolytes, vital for transforming the remaining indigestible food matter into feces. The large intestine is pivotal in water and electrolyte absorption, forming feces from unabsorbed minerals, undigested food, bacteria, bile pigments, and shed epithelial cells. Essential...
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The gastrointestinal tract, responsible for the digestion and absorption of nutrients, is safeguarded by the intestinal barrier, which consists of secretory, physical, and immune components. At the forefront is the secretory barrier, composed of essential elements such as mucus, gut microbiota, and defense proteins. They collaborate to break down food particles, facilitate nutrient absorption, and maintain optimal gut health. These secretory components ensure the smooth functioning of the...
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Anatomy of the Intestines01:23

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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
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Intestinal Phase of Digestion01:29

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The intestinal phase of digestion is the third and final stage of the digestive process, occurring after the cephalic and gastric phases. It begins when chyme, a partially digested mixture of food and digestive enzymes, enters the small intestine from the stomach. This phase is crucial for nutrient absorption and involves complex hormonal and enzymatic interactions.
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Splanchnic circulation refers to the network of blood vessels that supply and drain blood from the abdominal organs involved in digestion, including the stomach, liver, pancreas, intestines, and spleen. This circulation delivers essential nutrients and oxygen while removing waste products from these organs.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

An Intestinal Gut Organ Culture System for Analyzing Host-Microbiota Interactions
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The battle in the gut.

Denise M Monack1

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.

Immunity
|February 25, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Interleukin-22 (IL-22), a protective cytokine, surprisingly promotes pathogen colonization. This occurs by suppressing beneficial commensal bacteria, revealing a complex immune system interaction in disease.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Pathogen-microbiota-immune system interactions are crucial in disease.
  • The role of specific cytokines in these complex interactions remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of interleukin-22 (IL-22) in pathogen colonization.
  • To understand how IL-22 influences the balance between pathogens and commensal bacteria.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized mouse models to study bacterial colonization.
  • Analyzed the impact of IL-22 on the gut microbiota composition.
  • Investigated the molecular mechanisms by which IL-22 affects commensal bacteria.

Main Results:

  • Interleukin-22 (IL-22) was found to promote the colonization of certain pathogens.

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  • IL-22 exerts its effect by suppressing the growth of related commensal bacteria.
  • This suppression creates an environment favorable for pathogen expansion.

    • Conclusions:

    • The cytokine IL-22 has a dual role, potentially detrimental in certain contexts.
    • Understanding IL-22's complex function is vital for developing new therapeutic strategies.
    • Immune system modulation of microbiota impacts disease susceptibility.