Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

2.1K
Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
2.1K
Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes01:25

Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes

7.2K
Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
Natural Killer Cells: The Fast Responders
NK cells are large granular lymphocytes found in the blood and lymphatic system. These...
7.2K
Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses01:22

Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses

7.1K
The physiological function of a cell and cellular communication are outcomes of a range of extrinsic signals, intracellular signaling pathways, and cellular responses. No two cell types express the same repertoire of signaling components. Receptors are highly selective for their cognate ligands, but once activated, they can alter multiple cellular processes such as DNA transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolic activity. 
Graded and Abrupt Responses
Some signaling systems generate...
7.1K
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

14.4K
The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
14.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Sequence-specific RNA recognition drives Restrictor-mediated termination of extragenic transcription.

Molecular cell·2026
Same author

FCRL3 is an immunoregulatory receptor that restrains the activation of human memory T lymphocytes.

The Journal of experimental medicine·2025
Same author

Control of myeloid lineage fidelity and response to stimuli by ISWI-enforced nucleosome phasing.

Immunity·2025
Same author

A framework to mine laser microdissection-based omics data and uncover regulators of pancreatic cancer heterogeneity.

GigaScience·2025
Same author

CellHit: a web server to predict and analyze cancer patients' drug responsiveness.

Nucleic acids research·2025
Same author

Learning and actioning general principles of cancer cell drug sensitivity.

Nature communications·2025
Same journal

Targeting cholesterol esterification sensitizes liver cancer to CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell attack by impairing metabolic and redox resilience.

Immunity·2026
Same journal

Brain endothelial cells orchestrate a neuroprotective antiviral state in the CNS in response to peripheral viral pattern sensing.

Immunity·2026
Same journal

Extracellular ATP-P2RY2 signaling drives intratumoral prostaglandin E2 accumulation and adaptive resistance to immunotherapy in solid tumors.

Immunity·2026
Same journal

B cell-derived type I interferon sustains T cell functionality upon strong TCR stimulation during chronic infection.

Immunity·2026
Same journal

Lactate binds and inhibits the innate immune sensor STING to promote tumor immune evasion.

Immunity·2026
Same journal

Antibody binding geometry and affinity control inhibitory hFcγRIIB receptor signaling.

Immunity·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Investigation of Macrophage Polarization Using Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages
10:07

Investigation of Macrophage Polarization Using Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages

Published on: June 23, 2013

67.1K

Macrophage activation: glancing into diversity.

Gioacchino Natoli1, Silvia Monticelli2

  • 1Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), Milan 20141, Italy.

Immunity
|February 25, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals unique functional states of macrophage activation, expanding the traditional M1-M2 paradigm. These findings offer new insights into innate immunity and homeostasis.

More Related Videos

Reprograming Model of Human Monocyte-derived Macrophages for In-vitro Assays
08:37

Reprograming Model of Human Monocyte-derived Macrophages for In-vitro Assays

Published on: April 18, 2025

1.2K
Whole-cell MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry is an Accurate and Rapid Method to Analyze Different Modes of Macrophage Activation
11:25

Whole-cell MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry is an Accurate and Rapid Method to Analyze Different Modes of Macrophage Activation

Published on: December 26, 2013

8.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 2, 2026

Investigation of Macrophage Polarization Using Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages
10:07

Investigation of Macrophage Polarization Using Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages

Published on: June 23, 2013

67.1K
Reprograming Model of Human Monocyte-derived Macrophages for In-vitro Assays
08:37

Reprograming Model of Human Monocyte-derived Macrophages for In-vitro Assays

Published on: April 18, 2025

1.2K
Whole-cell MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry is an Accurate and Rapid Method to Analyze Different Modes of Macrophage Activation
11:25

Whole-cell MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry is an Accurate and Rapid Method to Analyze Different Modes of Macrophage Activation

Published on: December 26, 2013

8.4K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Metabolic Homeostasis

Background:

  • Macrophage activation is vital for innate immunity.
  • Macrophage functions are essential for tissue and metabolic homeostasis.
  • The M1-M2 classification is a current paradigm for macrophage states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To extend the understanding of macrophage activation.
  • To identify novel functional states of macrophages.
  • To expand the existing M1-M2 macrophage paradigm.

Main Methods:

  • The study by Xue et al. (2014) in Immunity investigated macrophage activation.
  • Specific methodologies were employed to identify unique functional states.

Main Results:

  • Unique functional states of macrophage activation were identified.
  • These findings challenge and expand the established M1-M2 paradigm.
  • The research contributes to a more nuanced understanding of macrophage heterogeneity.

Conclusions:

  • Macrophage activation encompasses more functional states than previously defined by the M1-M2 model.
  • This expanded view has implications for innate immunity and homeostasis.
  • Further research can build upon these identified unique functional states.