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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Replicative cell senescence is a property of cells that allows them to divide a finite number of times throughout the organism's lifespan while preventing excessive proliferation. Replicative senescence is associated with the gradual loss of the telomere — short, repetitive DNA sequences found at the end of the chromosomes. Telomeres are bound by a group of proteins to form a protective cap on the ends of chromosomes. Embryonic stem cells express telomerase — an enzyme that adds...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

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Telomere regulation in pluripotent stem cells.

Yan Huang1, Puping Liang, Dan Liu

  • 1Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine of Guangdong Province, the First Affiliated Hospital and Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.

Protein & Cell
|February 25, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) maintain pluripotency through telomere length regulation. Both embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) utilize telomerase or the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway for telomere maintenance, crucial for their differentiation potential.

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Area of Science:

  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), possess self-renewal and differentiation capabilities.
  • Telomere length and homeostasis are critical for maintaining genomic stability and cellular division capacity in mammalian cells.
  • Emerging evidence highlights the role of telomeres in preserving stem cell pluripotency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the function and regulation of telomeres in ESCs and iPSCs.
  • To elucidate the importance of telomere length in maintaining pluripotency.
  • To explore the mechanisms governing telomere maintenance in PSCs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on telomere biology in pluripotent stem cells.
  • Analysis of studies investigating telomere length, telomerase activity, and the ALT pathway in ESCs and iPSCs.
  • Synthesis of current understanding regarding telomere regulation and its impact on pluripotency.

Main Results:

  • PSCs exhibit high telomerase activity to maintain long and stable telomeres.
  • The alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway is also implicated in telomere maintenance in PSCs.
  • Telomere length homeostasis is essential for the stability and divisional capacity of PSCs.

Conclusions:

  • Telomere length maintenance is a key factor in preserving the pluripotency of ESCs and iPSCs.
  • Understanding telomere regulation mechanisms in PSCs is crucial for their therapeutic applications.
  • Telomere characteristics are fundamental to the in vivo differentiation potential of pluripotent stem cells.