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Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable...
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Emerging infectious diseases.

H Rogier van Doorn1

  • 1is a Clinical Microbiologist from Amsterdam, The Netherlands, who works as a Researcher and Group Head of Emerging Viral Infections at the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit in Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam. Conflicts of interest: none declared.

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Human pathogens evolve and emerge from animal reservoirs, leading to new infectious diseases. Understanding pathogen evolution is key to predicting and managing future epidemics and outbreaks.

Keywords:
drivers of emergenceemerging infectionshotspots for emergencespecies jumpzoonosis

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Area of Science:

  • * Evolutionary biology and epidemiology of infectious diseases.
  • * Zoonotic disease emergence and public health.
  • * Microbial evolution and disease dynamics.

Background:

  • * Human pathogens and infectious diseases are dynamic, influenced by evolution and human-environment interactions.
  • * Animal reservoirs are primary sources for novel human pathogens, highlighting zoonotic origins.
  • * Pathogen re-emergence, characterized by traits like multidrug-resistance or geographic spread, fuels epidemics.

Approach:

  • * Analysis of pathogen evolution from emergence to endemicity.
  • * Examination of human-animal-environment interfaces in disease transmission.
  • * Review of historical and contemporary infectious disease outbreaks.

Key Points:

  • * Pathogen evolution drives the continuous emergence of new infectious diseases.
  • * Zoonotic transmission from animal reservoirs is a major pathway for novel pathogen emergence.
  • * Multidrug-resistance and geographic expansion contribute to pathogen re-emergence and epidemics.

Conclusions:

  • * Understanding pathogen evolutionary history is crucial for predicting disease emergence and re-emergence.
  • * Interdisciplinary approaches are essential for managing infectious disease threats.
  • * Continuous surveillance and research are vital for public health preparedness against evolving pathogens.