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Related Concept Videos

Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV01:43

Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV

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During the electron transport chain, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are first transferred to complexes I and II, respectively. These two complexes then transfer the electrons to ubiquinol, which carries them further to complex III. Complex III passes the electrons across the intermembrane space to Cyt c, which carries them further to complex IV. Complex IV donates electrons to oxygen and reduces it to water. As electrons pass through complexes I, III, and IV, the energy released aids the pumping...
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
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Electron Transport Chains01:28

Electron Transport Chains

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The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
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The Supercomplexes in the Crista Membrane01:41

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The mitochondrial cristae membrane is the primary site for the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) process of energy conversion mediated through respiratory complexes I to V. These complexes have been widely studied for decades, and it has been proven that they form supramolecular structures called respiratory supercomplexes (SC). These higher-order complexes may be crucial in maintaining the biochemical structure and improving the physiological activity of the individual complexes while...
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Electron Transport Chain Components01:29

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The electron transport chain (ETC) is a crucial metabolic pathway that facilitates energy conversion in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotes, the ETC comprises four membrane-associated protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. In prokaryotes, the ETC in the plasma membrane can vary in composition, with fewer or different complexes depending on the organism and environmental conditions. These complexes transfer electrons from electron donors, such as NADH and FADH2, to...
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The Electron Transport Chain01:30

The Electron Transport Chain

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The electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation is an exothermic process in which free energy released during electron transfer reactions is coupled to ATP synthesis. This process is a significant source of energy in aerobic cells, and therefore inhibitors of the electron transport chain can be detrimental to the cell's metabolic processes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Analyzing Supercomplexes of the Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain with Native Electrophoresis, In-gel Assays, and Electroelution
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Functional expression of electron transport chain complexes in mouse rod outer segments.

Daniela Calzia1, Greta Garbarino2, Federico Caicci3

  • 1Department of Pharmacy, DIFAR-Biochemistry Lab, University of Genova, Italy.

Biochimie
|February 26, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Mice rod outer segments possess a functional Electron Transport Chain (ETC) for energy production, similar to bovine rods. This finding offers a new method for studying retinal diseases linked to ETC dysfunction and oxidative stress.

Keywords:
Electron transport chain proteinRetinal diseasesRetinal sectionsRod outer segmentsTransmission electron microscopy

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Measurement of Energy Metabolism in Explanted Retinal Tissue Using Extracellular Flux Analysis
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Measurement of Energy Metabolism in Explanted Retinal Tissue Using Extracellular Flux Analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Ophthalmology

Background:

  • Rod photoreceptors utilize an energy-intensive phototransduction cascade.
  • Previous studies in bovine rod outer segments (OS) indicated extramitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation for ATP production.
  • The Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and F1Fo ATP synthase are expressed within rod OS disks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence and activity of functional ETC complexes in mouse rod OS.
  • To establish a reliable in situ method for assessing ETC activity in mouse retinas.
  • To explore the implications of ETC dysfunction in the context of retinal pathologies.

Main Methods:

  • Assay of ETC complexes I, II, and IV activity directly on unfixed mouse eye sections.
  • Immunogold transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of fixed mouse eye sections.
  • Verification of specific ETC subunit presence (ND4L and subunit IV) in mouse rod OS.

Main Results:

  • Data suggest the presence of functional ETC complexes within mouse rod OS.
  • The activity profiles of ETC complexes I, II, and IV were successfully assayed in situ.
  • Immunogold TEM confirmed the localization of key ETC subunits in mouse rod OS.

Conclusions:

  • Mouse rod OS exhibit a functional ETC, mirroring findings in bovine rod OS.
  • The developed in situ assay protocol is a reliable tool for detecting ETC dysfunction in mouse models of retinal disease.
  • ETC activity in rod OS is relevant to oxidative stress and various retinal pathologies, including diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration.