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Related Concept Videos

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll01:12

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

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Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...
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Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

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The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...
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Alterations in Muscle Tone lll01:11

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

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Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...
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Direct Motor Pathways01:11

Direct Motor Pathways

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The direct motor pathways, also known as the pyramidal tracts, are a group of neural pathways that originate in the brain and descend through the spinal cord. They control the voluntary movement of the body. There are two major direct motor pathways: the corticospinal and the corticobulbar tracts.
The corticospinal tract is responsible for the voluntary movement of the limbs and trunk. It originates in the cerebral cortex of the brain and descends through the cerebrum's internal capsule and...
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Muscles that Move the Leg01:23

Muscles that Move the Leg

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The movement of the legs is facilitated by numerous muscles located within the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh.
Anterior Compartment
The quadriceps femoris, the most visible muscle of the anterior compartment, is integral for leg extension and thigh flexion. It is formed by merging four distinct muscles — the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris. The quadriceps tendon, a shared tendon of the four quadriceps muscles, is affixed...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy
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Relationship between Lower Limb Muscle Structure and Function in Cerebral Palsy.

In-Hee Ko1, Jung-Hee Kim1, Byoung-Hee Lee1

  • 1Graduate School of Physical Therapy, Sahmyook University, Republic of Korea.

Journal of Physical Therapy Science
|February 26, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Children with cerebral palsy (CP) and mental retardation (MR) exhibit reduced lower limb muscle thickness and strength compared to typically developing peers. Both groups also showed deficits in gross motor function and daily living activities.

Keywords:
Cerebral palsyMental retardationMuscle thickness

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pediatrics
  • Rehabilitation Medicine

Background:

  • Cerebral palsy (CP) and mental retardation (MR) are developmental disorders impacting motor function and cognition.
  • Understanding physical differences in these populations is crucial for targeted interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare lower limb muscle characteristics, gross motor function, and functional independence in children with CP and MR.
  • To inform the development of effective interventions for these groups.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized ultrasonography to measure knee extensor and ankle plantar flexor muscle thickness.
  • Employed manual muscle testing for muscle strength assessment.
  • Assessed gross motor function using the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) and functional independence with the Wee Functional Independence Measure (WeeFIM).

Main Results:

  • Children with CP and MR demonstrated significantly thinner knee extensor muscles compared to typically developing infants.
  • Muscle strength was highest in typically developing infants, followed by those with MR, and then CP.
  • No significant differences in GMFM scores were observed between CP and MR groups, but MR subjects showed impaired social cognition on the WeeFIM.

Conclusions:

  • Children with CP and MR present with diminished muscle thickness and strength in the lower limbs.
  • Both CP and MR groups exhibited lower gross motor function and functional independence levels compared to controls.