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Related Concept Videos

Goiter01:27

Goiter

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Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
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Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

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Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...
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Huntington Disease l: Introduction01:21

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Huntington disease or HD is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern.PathophysiologyIt is caused by expansion of the CAG trinucleotide repeat in the HTT gene on chromosome 4 (4p16.3), producing an abnormal huntingtin protein with an expanded polyglutamine tract. This misfolded protein disrupts cellular function, leading to neuronal death. Normal alleles have ≤26 repeats, 27–35 are intermediate (risk of expansion), 36–39 show...
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Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
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Case 203: Gorham disease.

Johannes F K de Villiers1, W Ross Stevens

  • 1From the Department of Radiology, Gisborne Hospital, 421 Ormond Rd, Gisborne 4010, New Zealand.

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A 77-year-old woman experienced chronic right elbow pain. Investigations including imaging and bone biopsies over four years aimed to diagnose the cause of her persistent symptoms.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Radiology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • A 77-year-old female presented with chronic right elbow pain.
  • No history of trauma, immunocompromise, or known malignancy was reported.

Observation:

  • Blood chemistry revealed elevated phosphate and an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
  • Imaging studies included plain film radiography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the right humerus.
  • Bone biopsies were performed at 3 months and 4 years post-initial presentation.

Findings:

  • Hematologic findings were within normal limits.
  • Specific diagnostic findings from imaging and biopsies are pending further analysis.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the diagnostic challenges in chronic musculoskeletal pain.
  • Longitudinal imaging and biopsy data may elucidate the etiology of the patient's elbow pain.