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Related Concept Videos

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

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PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
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Type II Diabetes I: Introduction01:26

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...
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Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in...
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Modeling and Evaluation of Murine Diabetic Cardiomyopathy Model
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The nonhuman primate as a model for type 2 diabetes.

Lynley D Pound1, Paul Kievit, Kevin L Grove

  • 1aDivision of Diabetes, Obesity, & Metabolism bDivision of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, USA.

Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity
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PubMed
Summary

Nonhuman primates (NHPs) offer valuable insights into type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mechanisms and preclinical drug testing. Recent studies in NHPs show promise for new obesity and T2DM treatments with minimal adverse effects.

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Area of Science:

  • Metabolic research
  • Primate models
  • Diabetes mellitus

Background:

  • Rodent models have limitations in translating findings to human type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
  • Nonhuman primates (NHPs) exhibit metabolic similarities to humans, making them suitable for T2DM research and preclinical trials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in T2DM research utilizing the NHP model.
  • To highlight the NHP's role in understanding islet function and testing novel therapeutic targets.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent studies employing NHP models for T2DM investigation.
  • Analysis of preclinical data from NHP studies on pharmaceutical targets.

Main Results:

  • NHP studies provided insights into islet processes and preclinical validation of targets for obesity and T2DM.
  • Fibroblast growth factor-21 administration in NHPs led to weight loss and improved metabolic health.
  • NHP models confirmed the safety of a melanocortin-4 receptor agonist and glucagon-like peptide-1-based therapies.

Conclusions:

  • NHP models enhance understanding of T2DM pathogenesis.
  • Studies in NHPs facilitate the development of safe and effective T2DM treatments.