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Related Concept Videos

Errors occurring during blood pressure monitoring01:25

Errors occurring during blood pressure monitoring

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Blood pressure monitoring is a crucial clinical procedure in diagnosing and managing various cardiovascular conditions. Despite its significance, the accuracy of blood pressure measurements can be compromised by multiple factors, potentially leading to either falsely high or low readings. These inaccuracies are critical as they can significantly impact patient care. So, it is vital to understand these challenges deeply and adopt strategic approaches to minimize errors.
Several factors...
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Systematic Error: Methodological and Sampling Errors01:15

Systematic Error: Methodological and Sampling Errors

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In the case of systematic errors, the sources can be identified, and the errors can be subsequently minimized by addressing these sources. According to the source, systematic errors can be divided into sampling, instrumental, methodological, and personal errors.
Sampling errors originate from improper sampling methods or the wrong sample population. These errors can be minimized by refining the sampling strategy. Defective instruments or faulty calibrations are the sources of instrumental...
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Accuracy and Errors in Hypothesis Testing01:13

Accuracy and Errors in Hypothesis Testing

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Hypothesis testing is a fundamental statistical tool that begins with the assumption that the null hypothesis H0 is true. During this process, two types of errors can occur: Type I and Type II. A Type I error refers to the incorrect rejection of a true null hypothesis, while a Type II error involves the failure to reject a false null hypothesis.
In hypothesis testing, the probability of making a Type I error, denoted as α, is commonly set at 0.05. This significance level indicates a 5%...
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Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

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Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose...
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Errors In Hypothesis Tests01:14

Errors In Hypothesis Tests

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When performing a hypothesis test, there are four possible outcomes depending on the actual truth (or falseness) of the null hypothesis and the decision to reject or not.
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Types of Errors: Detection and Minimization01:12

Types of Errors: Detection and Minimization

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Error is the deviation of the obtained result from the true, expected value or the estimated central value. Errors are expressed in absolute or relative terms.
Absolute error in a measurement is the numerical difference from the true or central value. Relative error is the ratio between absolute error and the true or central value, expressed as a percentage.
Errors can be classified by source, magnitude, and sign. There are three types of errors: systematic, random, and gross.
Systematic or...
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Updated: May 2, 2026

A Precision Medicine Tool for Measurement and Monitoring of Hemoglobin S in Sickle Cell Disease Patients Receiving Transfusion Therapy
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[Sources of error when using haemoglobin A1c].

Thea Berge Vikøren, Jens Petter Berg, Tore Julsrud Berg

    Tidsskrift for Den Norske Laegeforening : Tidsskrift for Praktisk Medicin, Ny Raekke
    |February 27, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in whole blood is key for diabetes management. However, various factors can cause discrepancies between HbA1c and average plasma glucose, requiring careful interpretation.

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    Area of Science:

    • Clinical Chemistry
    • Endocrinology
    • Diabetes Mellitus Research

    Background:

    • Glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in whole blood is a vital biomarker for diagnosing and monitoring diabetes.
    • Accurate interpretation of HbA1c results depends on their agreement with average plasma glucose (p-glucose).
    • Discrepancies between HbA1c and p-glucose can arise from various physiological and pathological factors.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To provide an overview of factors influencing the relationship between average glucose concentration and HbA1c.
    • To highlight potential sources of error in HbA1c interpretation for clinical decision-making.

    Main Methods:

    • A literature search was conducted in PubMed.
    • Scientific articles detailing the strengths and weaknesses of HbA1c measurement were identified.

    Main Results:

    • HbA1c generally reflects average p-glucose over the preceding 2-3 months.
    • Conditions such as iron/vitamin B12 supplementation, liver failure, hemolytic anemia, bleeding, increasing age, B12 deficiency, and iron deficiency anemia can alter HbA1c values relative to p-glucose.
    • Certain ethnic groups, pregnancy, renal failure, and hemoglobinopathies can also lead to unreliable HbA1c values as a measure of average p-glucose.

    Conclusions:

    • Awareness of factors causing inconsistency between HbA1c and average p-glucose is crucial for correct interpretation.
    • In cases of suspected discrepancy, glucose-based criteria should be prioritized for diabetes diagnosis.