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What is Organic Chemistry?

What is Organic Chemistry?

Organic chemistry is the study of compounds of carbon called organic compounds. Organic compounds either originate from living organisms or are synthesized by chemists. A defining trait of these compounds is the presence of carbon as the principal element, which is bonded to other carbon atoms and other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. The existence of a wide array of organic molecules is a consequence of carbon atoms’ ability to form up to four strong bonds to...

E1 Reaction: Stereochemistry and Regiochemistry

E1 Reaction: Stereochemistry and Regiochemistry

One of the critical aspects of the E1 reaction mechanism, as also observed in E2, is the regiochemistry, with multiple regioisomers obtained as products. In the example discussed, the presence of water as a weak base favors elimination over substitution to generate two alkenes. Given that alkenes’ stability increases with the number of alkyl groups across the double bond, typically, E1 reactions lead to the Zaitsev product, for this is more substituted and stable than the Hofmann product.

What is Physical Chemistry?

What is Physical Chemistry?

Physical chemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies the principles from physics underlying chemical reactions. It provides deep insights into the behaviors of molecules, the forces they experience, and their interactions and chemical reactions.The term "physical chemistry" was introduced by Mikhail Lomonosov in 1752. Since then, it has seen significant contributions from notable scientists such as Josiah Willard Gibbs, Wilhelm Ostwald, Jacobus Henricus van't Hoff, and Linus Pauling.Key...

E2 Reaction: Stereochemistry and Regiochemistry

E2 Reaction: Stereochemistry and Regiochemistry

Elimination reactions of alkyl halides can yield one or more alkenes depending on the specific regiochemical and stereochemical considerations. While the regiochemistry of the reaction governs the location of the double bond in the product, the stereochemical requirements often influence the geometry.
When a substrate with two different β hydrogens undergoes an E2 elimination, the presence of a strong base can yield two regioisomeric alkenes. The more-substituted alkene is the major...

SN2 Reaction: Mechanism

S_N2 Reaction: Mechanism

The kinetic studies of SN2 reactions suggest an essential feature of its mechanism: it is a single-step process without intermediates. Here, both the nucleophile and the substrate participate in the rate-determining step.
The presence of the more electronegative halogen in the substrate creates a polarized carbon-halide bond. The halide pulls the electron cloud generating an electrophilic center at the carbon atom. Thus, the carbon atom carries a partial positive charge while the halide has a...

E1 Reaction: Kinetics and Mechanism

E1 Reaction: Kinetics and Mechanism

Here, in contrast to the E2 reaction mechanism, we delve into the aspects of the E1 reaction mechanism, which has two steps: rate-limiting loss of the leaving group and abstraction of the beta hydrogen by a weak base. Typically, the experimental proof for the E1 mechanism is via kinetic studies or isotope studies. While the former demonstrates the first-order kinetics—the dependence of the reaction solely on substrate concentration—the latter proves the abstraction of hydrogen only...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Using Cyclic Voltammetry, UV-Vis-NIR, and EPR Spectroelectrochemistry to Analyze Organic Compounds

Using Cyclic Voltammetry, UV-Vis-NIR, and EPR Spectroelectrochemistry to Analyze Organic Compounds

Published on: October 18, 2018

A perspective on physical organic chemistry.

Matthew S Platz¹

¹Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University 100 West 18th Avenue Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States.

The Journal of Organic Chemistry

|February 28, 2014

Summary

This perspective reviews mechanistic carbene chemistry, highlighting answered questions and proposing future research directions for this dynamic field.

Area of Science:

Organic Chemistry
Reaction Mechanisms

Background:

Carbene chemistry is a cornerstone of organic synthesis.
Understanding reaction mechanisms is crucial for advancing chemical synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a historical perspective on the development of mechanistic carbene chemistry.
To identify key questions that have been resolved in the field.
To propose novel research questions for future investigations.

Main Methods:

Literature review and synthesis of existing knowledge.
Critical analysis of established mechanistic pathways.
Identification of current challenges and future opportunities.

Main Results:

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Last Updated: May 2, 2026

Using Cyclic Voltammetry, UV-Vis-NIR, and EPR Spectroelectrochemistry to Analyze Organic Compounds

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Published on: October 18, 2018

Excitonic Hamiltonians for Calculating Optical Absorption Spectra and Optoelectronic Properties of Molecular Aggregates and Solids

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Summarizes significant advancements in understanding carbene reaction mechanisms.

Identifies specific mechanistic questions that have been definitively answered.

Outlines emerging areas and unresolved questions in carbene chemistry.

Conclusions:

Mechanistic carbene chemistry has evolved significantly, with many fundamental questions addressed.
Future research should focus on developing novel synthetic methodologies and exploring complex carbene transformations.