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Related Concept Videos

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

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Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
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Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

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Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
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Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Direct Mouse Trauma/Burn Model of Heterotopic Ossification
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Heterotopic ossification after total hip replacement.

S C Kirshblum1, D I Campagnolo1

  • 1Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation, West Orange, NJ University of Medicine and Dentistry/New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ.

Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation
|February 28, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Heterotopic ossification (HO) after total hip arthroplasty (THA) can limit hip motion. This review covers HO incidence, causes, risk factors, and prophylaxis, noting surgery may be needed if HO develops.

Keywords:
Heterotopic ossificationtotal hip arthroplasty

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a frequent complication following total hip arthroplasty (THA).
  • HO can lead to significant functional deficits, including reduced hip range of motion and gait disturbances.
  • The exact causes of HO remain incompletely understood, though prevailing theories exist.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review the incidence, etiology, risk factors, and classification systems for HO after THA.
  • To detail current prophylactic treatment strategies for HO.
  • To discuss the management of established HO.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on heterotopic ossification post-THA.
  • Analysis of etiological theories and identified risk factors.
  • Evaluation of prophylactic and therapeutic interventions.

Main Results:

  • HO is common after THA, impacting hip function.
  • Prophylactic measures like radiation and anti-inflammatory drugs show effectiveness.
  • Treatment for existing HO is less certain, often requiring surgical excision post-ossification.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding HO's incidence, etiology, and risk factors is crucial for THA patients.
  • Prophylaxis is key, with radiation and NSAIDs being effective.
  • As THA rates rise, developing safe, cost-effective prophylactic strategies is essential.