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Teeth

Teeth

The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Author Spotlight: Insights into an Efficient Murine Maxillary Orthodontic Model Protocol

Author Spotlight: Insights into an Efficient Murine Maxillary Orthodontic Model Protocol

Published on: October 27, 2023

Maxillary molar distalization with first class appliance.

Namitha Ramesh¹, Biswas Palukunnu, Nidhi Ravindran

¹Department of Orthodontics, Amrita School of Dentistry, Ernakulam, Kerala, India.

BMJ Case Reports

|March 1, 2014

Summary

Non-extraction treatment effectively corrected mild-to-moderate Class II malocclusion by distalizing maxillary molars. This approach achieved Class I molar and canine relations, improving arch alignment and smiles in under 4 months.

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Area of Science:

Orthodontics
Dentofacial Orthopedics

Background:

Non-extraction treatment is increasingly favored for mild-to-moderate Class II malocclusion.
Maxillary molar distalization is a key strategy for specific Class II cases with minimal discrepancies.

Observation:

A 16-year-old female presented with moderate maxillary anterior crowding and a deep bite, diagnosed as skeletal Class II malocclusion.
The patient had an orthognathic maxilla, retrognathic mandible, and a normal growth pattern with an ideal profile.

Findings:

Molar distalization using the first-class appliance moved molars 8 mm buccally in both quadrants.
A Class I molar and canine relation was achieved within 4 months, with space utilized for arch alignment.

Implications:

Maxillary molar distalization is an effective non-extraction treatment for selected Class II malocclusions.
This technique can resolve crowding and establish ideal occlusal relationships efficiently.
The appliance facilitated significant orthodontic correction, enhancing patient aesthetics and function.