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Related Concept Videos

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction01:26

Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction

24
Diabetes mellitus consists of chronic metabolic disorders characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. This elevated blood glucose results from defects in insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both. Insulin, produced by pancreatic β-cells, is essential for maintaining glucose homeostasis by facilitating cellular glucose uptake for energy or storage. Disruptions in insulin production or function lead to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream, causing the clinical features and...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
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Type I Diabetes I: Introduction01:12

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction

45
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin resulting from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Although it can occur at any age, it is most commonly diagnosed in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. The loss of insulin production impairs cellular glucose uptake, resulting in persistent hyperglycemia and necessitating lifelong insulin therapy.Autoimmune Destruction of β-CellsThe hallmark of type 1...
45
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

75
Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular...
75
Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations01:19

Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations

26
Type 1 diabetes mellitus typically presents with rapid-onset symptoms due to the body’s inability to utilize glucose in the absence of insulin. Since insulin is required for glucose uptake into cells, its deficiency leads to hyperglycemia and cellular energy deprivation, resulting in characteristic clinical features.Polyuria and PolydipsiaOne of the earliest, most prominent symptoms is polyuria (excessive urination). When blood glucose concentrations rise above the renal threshold, the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Robotic Enucleation of an Intra-Pancreatic Insulinoma in the Pancreatic Head
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Robotic Enucleation of an Intra-Pancreatic Insulinoma in the Pancreatic Head

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Insulinoma: rare yet important.

Taha Hasan Al-Saigh1

  • 1Nineveh Medical College, Mosul University, Mosul, Iraq.

BMJ Case Reports
|March 1, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study details six insulinoma cases, highlighting successful surgical management. Patients experienced excellent outcomes with no recurrence after treatment for this rare pancreatic tumor.

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Robotic Enucleation of an Intra-Pancreatic Insulinoma in the Pancreatic Head
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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Surgical Oncology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Insulinoma, a rare neuroendocrine tumor, causes hypoglycemia due to excessive insulin secretion.
  • Diagnosis often involves biochemical confirmation and localization, which can be challenging.
  • Surgical resection is the primary curative treatment for insulinoma.

Observation:

  • Six cases of insulinoma managed between 2009-2013 were reviewed.
  • Biochemical confirmation was achieved in all patients; preoperative localization was successful in only two.
  • Intraoperative localization was necessary for four patients, with enucleation performed in four and distal pancreatectomy in two.
  • All tumors were histopathologically confirmed as benign.

Findings:

  • All six patients achieved complete symptomatic relief post-surgery.
  • Follow-up ranged from 9 months to 4 years, with no recurrence observed.
  • Serum glucose and insulin levels normalized in all patients postoperatively.

Implications:

  • This experience underscores the importance of thorough preoperative evaluation and skilled surgical intervention for insulinoma.
  • Effective management leads to excellent long-term outcomes and resolution of patient suffering.
  • Highlights the role of both enucleation and distal pancreatectomy in achieving cure.