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Secular trend: morphology and performance.

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Summary

Professional athletes in baseball, football, ice hockey, and basketball have significantly increased in mass, height, and BMI since 1871. These biometric changes are widening the gap between athletes and the general population.

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Human Biology
  • Biometrics

Background:

  • The general population is undergoing morphological expansion.
  • Athletes' anthropometric growth patterns and their relation to performance require investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze anthropometric trends in professional athletes across major US sports.
  • To determine if biometric characteristics influence athletic performance.
  • To compare athlete biometrics to the general population over time.

Main Methods:

  • Collected biometric data (mass, height, BMI, age) for 50,376 athletes across professional baseball, football, ice hockey, and basketball (249,336 annual performers).
  • Analyzed mass distributions in the National Football League (NFL) by player position and time period.
  • Examined the relationship between player height and field goal performance in the National Basketball Association (NBA).

Main Results:

  • Athletes in these four sports showed significant increases in mass, height, and BMI between 1871 and 2011, following multi-exponential growth patterns.
  • Biometric differences between athletes and the general population have progressively increased.
  • Specific biometric profiles emerged for different NFL positions, and a consistent height range (201.3 ± 6.3 cm) was identified for top NBA scorers.

Conclusions:

  • Growth and biometric laws appear to drive high-level sports performance, with specific constraints related to field position.
  • The increasing divergence in biometrics between athletes and the general population warrants further study.
  • Discrepancies in mass versus height increases, particularly during the 1980s and 1990s, raise questions about disproportionate mass gain.